SYLVICULTURE. 



In Europe, " coppice-under-standards " is more and more aban- 

 doned and restricted to the inundation districts along the rivers. 

 Here, on strong soil, the undergrowth endures an enormous amount 

 of shade, and the overwood develops fairly long boles in spite of a 

 free position. 



The coppice-under-standards form in Europe requires careful, 

 minute and honest management: careful, because the leaf canopy 

 of the overwood rapidly increases during the rotation of the under- 

 wood; minute, because individual trees or groups of trees must be 

 continuously watched; honest, because an unscrupulous forester or 

 a thoughtless owner may easily and heavily reduce the capital 

 of the forest whilst claiming to merely withdraw revenue pro- 

 duced by it. 



In America, in the. hardwood forests of the Alleghanies and 

 in the pineries of the South, the form is destined to play a most 

 important role. The form exists and will have to be retained for 

 decades of years to come, owing to its tempting financial merits; 

 the ease and cheapness of regeneration; the short period of waiting 

 between remunerative cuts; the variety of produce; the fast rate 

 of growth; the small amount of growing stock required for 

 " sustained " yields and so on. 



In the course of time, curtailing the cut of standards or 

 allowing the coppice to grow into larger sizes, the forester may 

 gradually convert the coppice-under-standards forest into . a high 

 forest. The average growing stock, per acre, in the high forest 

 contains about twice as many cords of wood as the average grow- 

 ing stock in the. coppice under-standards forest. 



On the other hand, by removing all standards, the form of 

 simple coppice is readily obtained. 



In the Oak-coppice-under.-Pine-standard forest of Biltmore it 

 has been observed that the Pine poles suffer less from bark beetles 

 than they do in the denser polewoods of the high forest of Pine. 



Paragraph LXXVII. Coppice-under-standards by species. 



By culling and firing, every primeval forest of hardwoods 

 existing in the United States is converted into coppice under stand- 

 ards. Again, many, nay, almost all two-storied high forests in 

 the South having Pine in the overwood and hardwood in the under- 

 wood present the form of coppice-under-standards in a modified 

 manner. 



The number of constellations of species for a place in the over- 

 wood and in the underwood is endless. 

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