SYLVICULTURE. 



In seed years of Yellow Pine, the coppiced area should be as 

 large as compatible with the market. It might be wise to cut 

 early in fall and to burn the coppice before the Pine seeds begin 

 to fall. Seed years of Pine at Biltmore occur at intervals of seven 

 years. Improvement cuttings should make up the sustained yield, 

 as far as possible, in years of deficient seeding; or such compart- 

 ments should be taken in hand, in which the coppice growth is 

 richly beset with Pine poles and Pine saplings. 



In the course of the improvement cuttings, the nuclei of n. s. r, 

 of Pine require careful attention. Weeds like Chinquapin and 

 Black gum are checked wherever they obstruct the underwood; 

 where they form part of the underwood, especially under groups 

 of Pine, they should be thankfully accepted as shade-bearing im- 

 provers of the soil. 



White Pine is not adapted to the formation of standards. 

 During the earlier stages, it retains its branches badly where 

 isolated in Oak coppice. During the later pole stage, it is apt 

 to suffer from windfall. Groups of White Pine standards will 

 answer better than standards individually scattered. 



CHAPTER V. 



PROPAGATION OF FOREST PRODUCTS OTHER THAN WOOD 

 AND TIMBER. 



Paragraph LXXVIII. Raising of forest by-products. 



In many cases better revenue is obtained from the by-products 

 raised in the forest, than from the wood and timber. In backwood 

 sections, closed to traffic, forest pasture, often yields the only means 

 of obtaining revenue. In densely wooded districts, the combination 

 of agriculture with tree growth is often advisable. The main prod- 

 ucts thus obtained and the industries connected with their pro- 

 duction are : 



A. Tanbark and raising of tanbark : 



The thickness of the bark used for tanning purposes and ob- 

 tained either under a high forest or under a coppice forest system 

 is increased by proper thinnings. In Oak bark coppice abroad the 

 number of stumps per acre is about 2,000, reinforced by stump 

 planting at each cutting. The healthier the growth of the shoots, 

 the better are the tanning contents of the product. 



In America, at the present time, no difference is made in the 

 price of old, corky bark and of young, fleshy bark obtained from 

 shoots only five inches in diameter. 

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