part 1 . %OQQ\I\Q Operations. 



CHAPTER I. LABOR EMPLOYED IN THE FOREST. 



III. MANUAL LABOR. 



A. Duration of employment. 



I. Determining factors are : 



(a) Climatic conditions ; 



(b) Economic conditions ; 



(c) Local custom. 



In the South, work lasts all the year round. 



In the Lake States and in New England, late fall, winter and 



early spring (from fou-r to eight months) comprise the usual 



period of activity. 

 In the European mountains, logging is restricted to the summer 



months ; in the European lowlands, to the winter months. 



II. Advisability of continuous employment in conservative forestry, 

 especially in the case of foremen and sub-foremen, leads to the 

 adoption of means tending to attach the laborer to his job and 

 to his employer. 



Such means are : 



(a) Advances for tools. 



(b) Rent of cabins and farms at reduced rates. 



(c) Help in case of sickness and accidents. 



(d) Wholesale purchase of victuals so as to give the work- 



men the benefit of a reduced price. 



(e) Firewood, forest pasture and forest litter free of charge. 



(f) Permission of agricultural use, for a number of years. 



of clear cut areas. (This last system is called in India 

 "tongya.") 



(g) Employment during the season when cutting is stopped, 



in road building, fire patrol, planting, weeding, nursery 



work etc. 



(h) Possibility for hands to rise to a foreman's position, 

 (i) Encouragement of home industries so as to keep the 



workmen busy on rainy or cold days, i. e., basket 



weaving, shingle making, wood carving, sieve making. 

 It seems most important to supply the family of the 



woodworker with a comfortable home and school and 



church advantages. 



B. Remuneration. 



I. Means of remuneration. 



(a) Money. Wages in the South are from 50 to 75 cents a 

 day. At Biltmore, now $i per day, even in the moun- 

 tains. On the Pacific coast, $2 to $3 per day. In 

 Lake States, $18 to $32 per month, plus board ; dry 

 days only included. 



(4) 



