16 FOREST UTILIZATION 



E. Felling rules : 



I. The trees must be thrown in such a way as to do least damage 



to themselves, to surrounding trees and to undergrowth. 



II. The felled tree should lie in a position allowing of easy dissec- 



tion of bole and of easy removal of logs. 



III. Operations must be stopped during storms and blizzards. 



IV. Trees over 6 inches in diameter should be sawn down, coppice 



woods excepted. 

 V. No more trees should be felled than can be worked up within 



reasonable time after felling. 



VI. The stumps should not be higher than the tree's diameter. 

 VII. All trees marked for cutting, and none else, must be cut. 

 VIII. The tops should be swamped so that they may come in contact 

 with the ground. 



VII. DISSECTING THE BOLE OF THE TREE. 



A. Purpose of dissection. 



I. Reduction of freightage. 



II. Better adaptation to different methods of transportation re- 



quired for different assortments. 



III. Better accommodation of buyers requiring different assortments. 



IV. Obtaining manageable size of logs and wood. 



As much net value should be obtained from the bole as possible. 

 Waste is advisable wherever it pays to waste. 



In no forest on earth is all the woody substance produced mar- 

 ketable. The amount of offal (waste, debris) depends merely 

 on the expense of transportation to markets within nearest 

 reach. It is better to waste wood than to waste money. The 

 modern lumberman gathering logs of 4 inches diameter and the 

 modern forester objecting to any waste frequently neglect this 

 rule. 



B. Factors influencing the dissection : 



I. Requirements of the market governed by custom. 



II. Distance from market: the longer the distance, the better 



must be the quality of the product. 



III. Locality (f. i. steepness of slope; swampiness). 



IV. Local laws (f. i. in North Carolina relative to 8- foot firewood). 

 V. Available means of transportation and their construction. 

 VI. Freight rates varying with the degree of conversion. 

 VII. Size of cars and wagons. 

 VIII. Length of mill carriage and of feedworks. 



C. The main divisions of woody produce obtained from dissected 

 boles are: 



I. Piece stuff, i. e. logs, blocks, construction timber, sold by the 



foot, the standard, the pound. 



II. Numbered stuff, i. e. poles, posts, mine props, scaffolding poles 

 and shingles, boards and staves, sold by the dozen, by the 

 hundred, by the thousand etc. 



