FOREST UTILIZATION 



to last from seven to ten years and should have 

 the following grades : 



For For For 



long logs. short logs, railroad ties. 



Dry chute 15-20% 25-35% 26% 



Iced chute 4- 8% 8-12% 6% 



Watered chute 3-6% 5-8% 



Heavy curves must be avoided and the outside of 

 light curves fixed with a number of "saddle 

 logs." 



Pole chutes consist of a trough made of four to six 

 poles. The pole chute is about three feet wide and 

 requires cribs or yokes for a foundation where 

 it is not laid on the ground. 



Water, ice and soap are used for lubrication. Chutes 

 made of hardwoods are said to run smoother 

 than those made of conifers, owing to the 

 greater elasticity of conifers. Where the grade 

 is light, poles should be peeled and hewn on the 

 inside. The grade of inlet must be very steep; 

 the outlet should open into a pond. Frequently, 

 when the job of chuting is finished, the poles 

 or ties composing the chute are shot down them- 

 selves, thus dissolving the chute. 



II. Board chutes, which are frequently movable, con- 

 sist of i-inch or 2-inch boards. They are used 

 in carrying firewood and other short stuff down 

 slopes of 25% to 35%. The rougher the produce, 

 the steeper must be the grade and the wider and 

 smoother must be the trough. Sprinkling is re- 

 quired during dry weather, sanding during wet 

 spells. 



III. Earth chutes. These resemble snaking roads of a 

 steady grade, which grade must be : 



(a) Where snow or ice crust is available, 8 to 



10%. 



(b) Where split cross ties are used, laid about 



5 feet apart ; for logs 16 feet long or 

 longer, from io l / 2 to 18%. 



(c) Where dry earth is used, 25% and over. 

 Road poles must be used on the valley side, es- 

 pecially so in curves, and bridges must cross all 

 the gullies. 



E. "Roping" is a method employed for moving long and heavy logs 

 in the "Black Forest." A rope is fastened at the small end 

 of the log to a ring dog and swung once or twice around 

 the stump of a tree nearby. The log is started by the 

 "krempe." and its speed is controlled by loosening or tight- 

 ening the loop around the tree. When the rope is run out 



