52 FOREST UTILIZATION 



passes; bridge building (trestles); telephone poles; backing of 

 piano veneers ; slack barrel hoops and sawn staves. 



Beech : Wood alcohol ; wood ashes ; charcoal ; shoe lasts ; plane 

 stocks ; clothespins ; handles ; wooden bowls ; horse collars 

 (names) ; parquet strips; flooring; street paving; railroad ties; 

 sugar barrels. Beech furniture made out of veneers of three or 

 four thicknesses, or bent after steaming. 



Hop hornbeam : Posts ; levers ; tool handles ; wagon brake ; shoes ; 

 wedges. 



Hornbeam : Used for same purposes as above, and teeth of gear 

 wheels. 



White birch: Toothpicks; shoe pegs and lasts; wood pulp; 

 spools; clothespins; screws; flooring; veneers; furniture; bob- 

 bins and spindles; wooden skewers; hand-made barrel hoops. 



Gray birch (yellow) : Furniture (usually mahogany finish) ; match 

 boxes; wheel hubs; tool handles; buttons; brush backs; shoe 

 pegs ; clothespins ; sugar barrels ; dry distillation for wood 

 vinegar; wood alcohol; charcoal etc. 



River birch : Furniture ; woodenware ; wooden shoes ; ox yokes. 



Cherry birch (sweet birch) : Imitation cherry furniture ; ship 

 building; bark distilled for oil of wintergreen. 



Oregon alder : Furniture ; cigar boxes ; mining props and water 

 conduits ; charcoal in gunpowder. 



Black willows: Osier culture (imported species); pollarded for 

 fascines; the Missouri species for fence posts after thorough 

 seasoning; bats for baseball; a drug, salicylic acid, made from 

 the bark ; charcoal for smokeless powder. 



Cottonwoods : Boxes ; wood pulp and fibre ; slack barrels ; wooden- 

 ware ; flooring; excelsior; backing for veneers in organs and 

 pianos; matches; cheap building lumber; cheap furniture; 

 wagon beds; turnery; woodenware; fence boards. 



B. Conifers. 



Incense cedar: Water flumes; fencing; furniture; interior finish; 



laths and shingles. 



White cedar (northern): Posts; fencing'; telegraph poles; rail- 

 road ties; tanks and buckets; shingles; street paving; boat 



lining. 

 White cedar (Southern): Woodenware; tanks; buckets; barrels; 



telegraph poles and fence posts; shingles; railroad ties; boats; 



lampblack. 

 Red cedar (Pacific) : Canoes of Indians; interior finish; fencing; 



shingles ; cooperage ; tanks ; buckets. 

 Port Orford cedar (Lawson's cypress) : Lumber; inside finishing; 



flooring; railroad ties; fence posts; matches; ship building. 



The rosin is a powerful insecticide. 

 Western juniper: Fences. 

 Red cedar (of the East) : Tanks, posts, buckets; telephone poles; 



cigar boxes ; chests; pencils; interior finish. 



