FOREST UTILIZATION 89 



White ash, bending easiest and best of all woods, is used for 

 rims, bent seats, bent bows, shafts etc. 



B. The manufacturing machinery is usually supplied by the Defiance 



Machine Works, Defiance, Ohio. 



I. Hubs are cut direct from log to proper length by double 

 equalizing saws and are turned on outside automatically 

 on a lathe; bored for boxes (thimbles) ; chisel mortised 

 for spokes; and set with two to four iron rings. 

 II. Spokes are obtained from bolts by rip sawing into squares 

 which are turned on a lathe ; tenoned at the big end ; 

 equalized in length ; sandpapered and polished ; and 

 driven into hubs by automatic hammers. 



III. Rims and felloes are either bent to proper form or sawn 



from straight bolts. In the first case, the bolts are 

 steamed or boiled ; then bent and pressed in an iron 

 pattern when hot ; then cased up and dried ; then bored 

 to receive the spokes; rounded on the inside with a 

 slight elevation left around the hole; planed and finally 

 sandpaper polished. 



Very wide plank is required for sawn felloes, which are 

 obtained either by a set of concave saws, having the 

 required curvature, or by a narrow band or scroll 

 saw which follows the pencil marks of a pattern made 

 for each piece on the plank. 



IV. Axles are turned on a lathe according to a steel pattern 



spanned in the lathe; are gained to receive bolsters 

 and hounds ; and have the thimble skeins driven on by 

 hydraulic pressure. 



V. Shafts and. poles are sawn from plank i^ inch to 

 2 l /2 inch thick and 85/2 to 12 feet long; are heated and 

 bent, cased, dried, rounded and belt polished. 



C. Few establishments make entire wagons. Usually shafts, spokes, 



rims, axles etc. are made in factories close to the woods, 

 while other factories closer to the cities or to railroad centers 

 put the wagons together after buying their component parts. 



XXIV. SHINGLE MILLS. 



A. Material. 



Breasted, shaved, rived or rifted shingles (meaning hand made) 

 are used in the backwoods only. At Biltmore, shaved shingles 

 made of chestnut cost $2 per M., while so called boards, two 

 feet long and six inches wide, split from white oak, cost $3 per M. 

 Shaved shingles cannot be laid so neatly as sawn shingles. 

 For machine made shingles are used: 

 On the Pacific coast, red cedar ; 

 In the Lake States, white pine, white cedar, spruce, norway 



pine and hemlock; 

 In the South, cypress, longleaf pine and shortleaf pine. 



