114 FOREST UTILIZATION 



nailhole should be two inches below the 

 rim of the cup. 



5. Chipping as in method I ; cups emptied 

 from time to time into collecting buckets. 



(c) Operations of subsequent seasons: 



Next season, the uppermost chipped channels are 

 used for the insertion of the gutters. The cup 

 is fastened at the upper end of the face made in 

 the previous year. 



(d) Equipment: 



Equipment required for 10,000 boxes is: 10,500 

 cups (cost ij4c each = $131.25) ; gutter strips 

 made from 1,886 pounds of galvanized iron, 

 29 gauge (cost of material $103.27; cutting and 

 shaping gutters cost $4) ; 10,000 six-penny 

 nails (costing $1.05) ; freight charges are about 

 $30; labor at the trees requires an outlay of $80. 



(e) Results: 



Dr. Herty justly claims financial superiority of this 

 method over the old Southern method, due to an 

 increased output of turpentine. 



C. Manufacture of naval stores from pine products. 

 I. From rosin of longleaf pine etc. 



(a) Melting crude rosin in order to separate from the 



liquid constituents pieces of bark, wood and a 

 pitchy residue. 



(b) Dry distillation of the latter in a copper distilling 



apparatus, heated usually from an open fire be- 

 neath the apparatus; but preferably from steam 

 of high temperature. 



(c) Cooling of gases in a worm and condenser where 



there are obtained : 



1. An, upper layer of turpentine which is 



redistilled. 



2. A middle layer of rosin (colophany) of 



a light yellow color, which is sifted re- 

 peatedly into different qualities. 



3. Water forming the lowest layer. 



II. From roots, branches and stumps of pine, the stumps to 

 be dug out a few years after the trees are cut. 



(a) Cut the wood into kindling. 



(b) Fill it (from above) into a gasproof brick still- 



room, 15 feet high and 6 feet through, holding 

 from 5 to 6 cords of kindling. The top and 

 bottom of the still are funnel shaped and pro- 

 vided with pipes. The still is surrounded by 

 the fire room. 



