ABBEY 



ABBOTT 



is an article of food near the seacoast of China 

 and Japan. The shell is valuable for its lining 

 of mother-of-pearl. The abalone lives on rocks 

 at the bottom of the sea near shore, and is 

 caught in scoops or taken by divers. In Amer- 

 ica it is found on the California coast, and has 

 long been an article of food. 



AB'BEY, in its original sense, a monastery 



or convent governed by an abbot or abbess 



VHBOT). Very commonly, now, however, 



the term is applied to a church which is or was 



ABBEY OF SAINT GALL 

 A typical monastery of the ninth century. Tho 

 church was the center, about which clu8tered the 

 , irt.s. including the stables and the serv- 

 ants' quarters, which are unnumbered in the plan. 

 1 Hitch altar 18. Garden for medicinal 



of Saint Paul plants 



i r of Saint Peter 19. Houses for blood-let- 

 ve ting 



L'O. Sell. ...I 



6-6. Towers 



nest-room 22-2'-'. Hus- 

 masters' lodg- 

 ings 23-23. Houses for poor 

 lavatory KIM-MS 



tory 24. Cloister 



1 1 Ki 25. Factory 



:* and 26. Abbot's houso 



7. Library, sacristy 



and vestry 



rlnr 28. Garden 



of novice* 29. Cemet- 



30-30-30. Kitchen* 

 IT Doctor's house 31-31-31. Baths 



once < with a monastery, as West- 



minster Abbey. In England, it may mean a 



private residence which was formerly a part of a 

 religious community but was given over by 

 Henry VIII to secular purposes. Thus, Lord 

 Byron's home was known as Newstead Abbey. 

 See MONASTICISM. 



ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852-1911), one of 

 the foremost American painters, most widely 

 known for his series of mural paintings, The 

 t of the Holy Grail (see HOLY GRAIL), in 

 the book-delivery room of the Boston Public 

 Library. He was born in Philadelphia, and 

 had become known as an illustrator before his 

 removal to London in 1883. There his illus- 

 trative work, especially that done for editions 

 of Shakespeare, won him such fame that in 

 1901 he was commissioned to paint the corona- 

 tion of Edward VII. 



The last years of his life were devoted to 

 mural decorations in the Pennsylvania state 

 house. These pictures, which portray incidents 

 in the history of the state, are recognized as 

 his greatest work. 



ABBOT, ab' but, a name derived from a 

 Greek word meaning father, and therefore 

 identical with the familiar "Abba, Father" of 

 the New Testament (see Mark XIV, 36). In 

 the early days of the monastic orders the title 

 was given to any monk, but later its scope 

 became more limited and it was applied only 

 to the head of a monastery or abbey. During 

 the Middle Ages, when the monasteries gained 

 great wealth and importance, the abbots held 

 positions of real power, many of them owing 

 allegiance only to the Pope, and not to the 

 hi.-hops. Some of them gained political pow-r. 

 and at one time in England there were twenty- 

 six in the House of Lords. Usually the ab- 

 bot is chosen by the monks of the monastery 

 which he is to serve, and is confirmed by a 

 bishop or by the Pope. He holds office for liiV. 



The corresponding head in a community of 

 nuns is called an abbess. 



ABBOTSFORD, the famous estate of Sir Wal- 

 Scutt (wli: In connection with the 



story of Scott an illustration appears. 



AB'BOTT, JACOB (1803-1879), an American 

 writer of books for the young, chiefly known as 

 the author of th-- MTV popular Rollo Books, 

 a t\- t -volume series of stories of 



travel and advent ure. with a youthful hero. 

 Abbott was first a teacher and subsequently a 

 clergyman, hut after 1839 devoted himself 



v to writing. Ho published in all over 200 

 :mes, of wind i the best known, with the 

 exception of those mentioned above, are the 

 Franconia Stories. 



