ADVENTISTS 



ADVERB 



similar to that of silk. This is known as 

 mercerized cotton. Artificial fibres have also 

 been produced by chemical means which have 

 a gloss equal or even superior to silk in wear- 

 ing qualities. This quality of material is being 

 very largely manufactured and will no doubt 

 largely replace the use of natural silk, but it 

 should not be sold as natural silk. 



Aside from this substitution of artificial for 

 natural silk, the latter is subjected to a process 

 of loading which if carried to excess is objec- 

 tionable. Natural silk in its raw state is 

 covered with a gummy substance which gives 

 it a harsh feeling and a yellow, unsightly ap- 

 pearance. When this material is removed by 

 washing the skeins of silk, about four ounces is 

 lost per pound of silk. The fibre is then 

 brought back to its original weight by the 

 deposition of tin phosphate. The tin used for 

 this purpose is obtained by detinning tin cans 

 and other waste tin scrap. Silk fibre may be 

 so "loaded" with this' tin that the original 

 pound of fibre may become almost double that 

 weight. Such silk feels heavy but does not wear 

 well. This excessive loading must be con- 

 sidered adulteration. See SILK. J.c.o. 



Consult Olson's Foods and Their Adulteration; 

 Wiley, Richardson, Crampton & Spencer's Foods; 

 and Food Adulterants by the same authors. The 

 Department of Agriculture also issues circulars. 



AD'VENTISTS, several religious sects 

 which, accepting the general doctrines of Chris- 

 tianity, expect that Christ will soon reappear 

 in person and bring the world to an end. Be- 

 lief in such a second coming existed before the 

 nineteenth century, for there was a general 

 expectation throughout Europe that the world 

 would be brought to an end in the year 1000, 

 and preachers have arisen at intervals ever 

 since, declaring that the coming of Christ was 

 at hand. However, the sects known as Ad- 

 ventists all arose from the preaching of Wil- 

 liam Miller, who began in 1831 to prophesy the 

 end of the world and the establishment of 

 Christ's kingdom in 1843. He based his belief 

 on the Biblical prophecies, having calculated 

 that all the signs and wonders which the book 

 of Daniel and other books prophesied had 

 come to pass. Since the middle of the nine- 

 teenth century Adventists have simply waited 

 for the early appearance of Christ and have 

 not tried to fix the date. 



The Adventists are now separated into a 

 number of different sects, of which the Church 

 of God, the Evangelical Adventists, the Age-to- 

 Come Adventists and the Life and Advent 

 Union are small and local. The Advent Chris- 



tians, who number about 26,800, have over 600 

 churches and sustain foreign missions in Eng- 

 land and in Asiatic countries. The World's 

 Crisis is their leading publication. The largest 

 sect of Adventists dates from a meeting held 

 at Washington, New Hampshire, in 1845. See 

 SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTISTS. 



ADVERB. The part of speech known as the 

 adverb performs for the verb the same office 

 that the adjective performs for the noun; it 

 limits and modifies its meaning. The verb 

 walk, for example, calls up only a general 

 image of the action; but add to it the word 

 painfully, and immediately the mental picture 

 assumes definiteness. The word adverb comes 

 from the Latin and signifies joined to a verb, 

 but an adverb may also be used to modify an 

 adjective or another adverb. 



Classes of Adverbs. Adverbs are classified 

 (1) as to their use in the sentence, and (2) as 

 to their inherent meaning, without regard to 

 the special work they perform. From the 

 standpoint of use there are three classes: 



1. Simple adverbs, used merely to modify ; as, 

 He left abruptly; She spoke lovingly. These are 

 derived chiefly from adjectives and participles by 

 the addition of the suffix ly. 



2. Conjunctive or relative adverbs, which not 

 only modify but also connect the adverbial 

 clause with the body of the sentence ; as, I do not 

 know when he left. The principal conjunctive 

 adverbs are the following: 



when 



where 



as 



while 



there 



after 



whence 



before 



till 

 until 



out 



why 



wherever 



whereby 



wherefore 



3. Interrogative adverbs, which introduce a 

 question ; as, When did he leave? The most im- 

 portant of these are: 



when where why how 



From the standpoint of meaning, there are 

 six principal classes of adverbs, and two of 

 lesser importance: 



1. Adverbs of time, answering the question 

 when; as 



now before by and by 



yesterday afterward ever and anon 



instantly often again 



now and then to-day to-morrow 



then heretofore .still 



The last three .phrases, and others of simi- 

 lar construction, are sometimes termed phrase 

 adverbs. 



2. Adverbs of place, answering the questions 

 where, to what place, from what place ; as 



where out yonder 



here down whither 



there up hither 



anywhere away everywhere 



back whence within 



backward without elsewhere 



