ANATOMY 



245 



ANATOMY 



society. To him anarchy is the perfect social 

 order, in which every human act is voluntary. 



Anarchism vs. Socialism. Anarchism is 

 sometimes called a form of socialism, and 

 anarchists and socialists are wrongly classed 

 together as undesirable citizens. Only in one 

 respect are anarchism and socialism alike 

 both demand the abolition of private prop- 

 erty, especially the means of production. Both 

 believe that at some time in the future all 

 production will be carried on for the benefit 

 of those who are actually working to produce. 

 The socialist believes that this condition will 

 arise when all industry is controlled by the 

 state, which is the expression of the popular 

 will. The anarchist, on the other hand, be- 

 lieves that production will be carried on by 

 groups of people working in cooperation, be- 

 cause it is to their individual interests and 

 because they want to work together. 



Politically, anarchism and socialism are far 

 apart. Socialism, it is claimed, would decrease 

 the importance of the judicial powers of the 

 state, because it would abolish private prop- 

 erty. Socialists say that most of the civil and 

 criminal cases tried in the courts arise from 

 private property. The administrative powers, 

 on the other hand, would be greatly increased, 

 for the state would control all industry and 

 regulate the functions and privileges of the 

 individual. This system is as hateful to the 

 anarchist as the existing capitalist form of 

 organization. The anarchist believes that the 

 power of the state is not to be preferred to 

 tin power of capital. Either system destroys 

 the perfect liberty of the individual; therefore 

 it is wrong. 



The philosophy of anarchism has made less 

 progress in America than in Europe. Its prin- 

 ciples are represented to some extent, how- 

 ever, by the Industrial Workers of the World 

 (see that title, page 6470). 



ANATOMY, anat' omi. This word, which 

 CMM IPS from the Greek, means to cut apart, 

 and is the name of that science which treats of 

 the structure of animals and plants; that is, 

 it deals with the knowledge gained by dissect- 

 in IT. or cutting apart. Its two great branches 

 are plant anatomy, and animal anatomy, and 

 each of these has several divisions, according 

 to th- methods used or the purposes mm 1 



lit V. 



Animal Anatomy. Under this heading arc 

 included animal anatomy proper, and human 

 nnntom\t. which drals with the structure of 

 human beings. This latter is of greatest im- 



portance, because upon it depends much of 

 medicine and surgery, especially the latter. No 

 surgeon would dare perform an operation if 

 he did not know thoroughly the position and 

 structure of the organ to be operated on. The 

 science of human anatomy, helped out by all 

 that has been learned of the structure of the 

 lower animals, has reached a very high point 

 of perfection in all the medical colleges of 

 Europe and America. Indeed, so complete has 

 it become that it is divided into many smaller 

 branches; and a surgeon may make perfect 

 his knowledge of any one of them, while hav- 

 ing but a general knowledge of the others. 

 Thus he becomes a specialist, and in large 

 cities most surgeons are now specialists. 



Comparative Anatomy. There is a com- 

 parative branch in both animal and plant 

 anatomy. This science compares different 

 classes of animals or plants, trying to find 

 out all their likenesses and differences and so 

 to discover in what ways they are related. 

 Thus the families of plants and animals are 

 determined. 



History of Anatomy. In ancient times most 

 peoples believed that the body after death 

 was a sacred thing, and that to cut it in any 

 way was to commit a serious crime. Thus 

 it is not strange that before the Christian Era 

 little was known of the way the human sys- 

 tem was organized. The Greeks, it is true, 

 did permit an occasional dissection, after the 

 fifth century B.C., and Galen, in the second 

 century A. D V made real advances in the 

 science of anatomy, but it was not until the 

 fourteenth and fifteenth centuries that it be- 

 came clear that the art of healing could not 

 advance far unless dissection was practised. 

 The rulers of leading European nations ordered 

 a certain number of dissections in the medical 

 schools each year, and the results soon were 

 shown in such wonderful discoveries as Har- 

 vey's tracing of the circulation of the blood. 

 Advancement in physics, in chemistry and in 

 botany has had great effect on the growth of 

 the science of anatomy, and now the pupil in 

 grammar school, with his pictures and colored 

 drawings of the different parts of the body, 

 knows more about the structure of that won- 

 d. n" u I organism than the wisest of the ancient 

 Greeks, such as Plato and Aristotle, ever 

 dreamed of. W.FJR. 



ii, imc.i subject- The following list 

 cle In these volumes dealing with anatomical 

 rs will be Interesting and helpful to the 

 reader who desires to gain a detailed knowledge 



