ANDRE 



251 



ANDR2E 



: xcyr s>rw ^ 



^> o v.,,,^ii 



ANDORRA 



The map locates the little republic, which re- 

 lies on both Fram-f and Spain for protection. 

 The building at the right Is the home of the law- 

 making body of the country, called the House of 

 Representatives. It typifies the simplicity of the 

 people. 



smallest republic in the world. It has an area 

 of 175 square miles, and a population of about 

 5,500. The Andorrans are a gentle, peace- 

 loving people, whose chief occupation is the 

 raising of sheep and cattle. Andorra has been 

 independent since the days of Charlemagne, 

 who thus rewarded its citizens for aid in his 

 campaigns against the Moors. The republic 

 is governed by a council of twenty-four mem- 

 bers, who serve for four years. There are two 

 judges, one appointed by the French govern- 

 ment and one by the bishop of Urgel, in Spain, 

 in whose diocese Andorra lies. In i criminal 

 cases the decision of the judges is final, but 

 in civil cases appeal may be taken to the 

 Court of Cassation at Paris, or to the ecclesi- 

 astical court at Urgel. Every able-bodied man 

 in Andorra is liable to military service. The 

 capital of the republic is the village of An- 

 dorra, with a population of about 1,000. 



ANDRE, ahn' dre, or an' dri, JOHN (1751- 

 1780), a British officer hanged as a spy by the 

 American Revolutionary army because he was 

 th- messenger of 

 General Clinton 

 in the negotia- 

 tions which were 

 to have led to the 

 sum -mier of West 

 Point by Bene- 

 dict Arnold. I.ik* 

 Nathan Hal. . th. 

 famous American 

 spy, Major An- 

 dre was a man of JOHN ANDRE 



the most attrac- Even the jnen who cap* 



tured him an, I those who 



tivc personality, sentenced him to death fell 



|ttjv under the spell of his charm. 



lit* rary, musical, he was one of the most pop- 

 ular men in the British army. His youth, his 



calmness and courage in the face of death, his 

 innocence of any wrong-doing he obeyed 

 orders though personally opposed to the nego- 

 tiations with Arnold make him one of the 

 most pathetic figures in the Revolutionary 

 War. Even Washington, who ordered him 

 tried by court-martial, admitted that he was 

 "more unfortunate than criminal." 



Military law, however, made his execution 

 inevitable. Sir Henry Clinton had chosen 

 Andre, his personal aide and the adjutant- 

 general of the British forces in America, to 

 secure from Arnold the plans of the fortifica- 

 tions at West Point. Andre was conveyed up 

 the Hudson River on a British sloop, and 

 secretly met Arnold on shore. While the con- 

 ference was going on, the guns of the fort 

 were turned on the ship, which was forced to 

 retire, leaving Andre in the American lines. 

 Against Clinton's orders, Andre discarded his 

 uniform and attempted to reach New York, 

 the British headquarters, in civilian dress. 

 Near Tarrytown, only a few miles from th'e 

 British outposts, he was stopped by three 

 American militiamen, who refused to honor 

 his pass signed by Arnold, searched him. ami 

 in his boots found plans and other papers in 

 Arnold's handwriting. Andre was taken to th- 

 nearest otiu.i, who was foolish enough to 

 notify Arnold, thus giving the latter a chance 

 to escape. Andre was tried by military court 

 and was hanged on October 2. See ARNOLD, 

 BENEDICT. 



ANDR2E, ahn' dray, SALOMON AUGUST 



(1854-1897), a distinguished Swedish civil engi- 



and scientific aeronaut, who sacrificed his 



m an attempt to reach the North Pole in 



