ANGEL 254 



anesthetics in childbirth. The method has 

 been most completely tested at the grout hos- 

 1 at Freiburg, Germany, and consists in 

 giving at intervals hypodermic injections of 

 scopolamin and morphine. The patient is said 

 to have all the sensations that ordinarily are 

 frit, but when the ordeal is over she retains 

 not the slightest memory of what has hap- 

 pened. The great value claimed for twilight 

 sleep is that it lessens the terrible shock to the 

 nervous system. It should be noted that certain 

 conditions as to light, sounds, amount of dose. 

 etc., are of highest importance in making the 

 treatment successful. Twilight sleep is a fail- 

 ure when the proper conditions are absent. 

 Whether or not the Freiburg method can be 

 brought into general use must be left to future 

 determination. In 1916 several great hospitals 

 announced their abandonment of the method, 

 claiming that it had been proven unsuccessful. 

 See ETHER; CHLOROFORM; COCAINE; LAUGHING 

 : DAVY, SIR. HUMPHRY; MORTON, WILLIAM 

 THOMAS GREEN. W.A.E. 



ANGEL, ayn' jcl, a spiritual being who 

 enjoys immortal life and dwells in heaven as 

 a messenger and minister of God. The angels 

 are considered higher than man, and most 

 religious peoples believe that the faithful of 

 earth become angels after death. There is no 

 clear teaching in the Bible on the subject, but 

 angels are represented in the New Testament 

 i oicing over the repentance of sinners, and 

 the Apostles expected Christ to return upon 

 the clouds of heaven in the company of holy 

 angels. Satan and those who joined him in the 

 rebellion against God are often spoken of as 

 "the devil and his angels." There are frequent 

 references of this kind in the Bible. 



ANGELICO, anjel' iko, FRA (1387-1455), the 

 common name of FRA GIOVANNI DA FIESOLE, 

 the last and greatest of the Italian painters 

 who lived in the period between the Middle 

 Ages and the Renaissance, and the greatest 

 religious painter of all time. He became a 

 Dominican friar in 1408. His early paintings 

 gained him such renown that in 1455 he was 

 summoned to Rome by Pope Eugenius IV to 

 decorate his private chapel in the Vatican. 

 Fra Angelico also painted scenes from the lives 

 of the saints for the chapel of Pope Nicholas 

 V. These paintings reveal the highest devel- 

 opment of his art. 



His works are considered unrivaled in finish 

 and in sweetness and harmony of color and 

 were made the models for religious painters of 

 his own and succeeding generations. He was 



ANGELL 



the first to show the real beauty of nature 

 in landscape painting. The best of his work 

 is now to be seen in the Vatican at Rome 

 and in the frescoes at San Marco in Florence, 

 and many of his paintings are found in the 

 galleries of Europe. The Last Ju<l<innnt, the 

 Madonna of the Star and the Coronation <>j 

 ''/in are some examples of his art. See 

 MADONNA. 



ANGELL, ayn' jfl, JAMES HruHii.L (1829- 

 1916), an American educator whose name is 

 everywhere connected with the development 

 of the University of Michigan from a school 

 of secondary importance to one of the great- 

 est American uni- 

 versities. In ad- 

 dition to his fame 

 as an educator, 

 however, he was 

 a diplomatist of 

 high rank. He 

 was born in Scit- 

 uate, R. I., was 

 graduated in 1849 

 from Brown Uni- 

 versity, and, after 

 study and travel 

 in Europe and 

 the South, re- 

 turned to Brown in 1853 as professor of mod- 

 ern languages and literature. He edited the 

 Providence Daily Journal from 1860 to 1866 

 and served as president of the University of 

 Vermont from 1866 to 1871. In the latter year 

 he accepted the presidency of the University 

 of Michigan. Dr. Angell broadened and 

 strengthened the work of that institution, 

 raising it to the front rank of American uni- 

 versities. It has been said of him that "his 

 wide culture, his personal kindliness, his cath- 

 olic intelligence and his general learning have 

 had quite as much influence as specific words 

 or acts or any university policy." 



Dr. Angell's career as a diplomatist began 

 in 1880, when he was appointed United Si 

 envoy extraordinary and minister plenipoten- 

 tiary to China. In 1887 he was made a mem- 

 ber of the Anglo-American International Com- 

 mission on Canadian Fisheries; and in 1896 he 

 was made chairman of the Canadian-American 

 Commission on a Deep Waterway from the 

 Great Lakes to the Sea. In 1897 he was ap- 

 pointed minister to Turkey, but he gave up 

 the position in the following year, and returned 

 to the University of Michigan. He wrote a 

 Manual of French Literature, Progress in 



JAMES B. ANGELL 



