ANILINE 



259 



ANIMAL 



same name, 215 miles southeast of Constan- 

 tinople. It is famous as the original home of 

 angora goats, whose long hair forms the town's 



THE ANGORA GOAT 



principal article of commerce. It is connected 

 with Constantinople by railroad and has also an 



nsive trade in mohair cloth, dye stuffs, 

 gums, wax and honey. Camlet, a costly mate- 

 rial made from the hair of the angora goat, 

 is produced in great quantities. All the ani- 

 mals of this region have long fine hair, prob- 

 ably due to some atmospheric influence, for 

 if they are removed to any other district the 

 hair becomes coarser. The city has many 

 remains of Byzantine architecture and relics 

 of Greek and Roman periods. Population, 

 about 35,000. 



ANILINE, an' il in, a colorless, oily liquid, 

 somewhat heavier than water, which by treat- 

 ment witli other substances forms a number 

 of brilliant and lasting dyes. Aniline was dis- 



red in 1826, but the discovery was of no 

 importance until thirty years later, when a 

 young Kngli>h chemist, Perkin, accidentally 



.. d how to make from it a most beautiful 

 violet dye. Constant experimenting produced 



r lovely colors, and the dyer's art at once 

 advanced to a higher plane than it had ever 

 before reached. Originally obtained direct ly 

 from coal-tar, it is now made chiefly from 

 miro-benzene, which in turn is made from 

 benzene. the latter being contained in coal tar 

 in much larger proportion than aniline itself. 

 Before the War of the Nations, which began 

 m 1914, the Germans had almost a world 

 monopoly of the coal-tar industry. This was 

 partly due to the attention paid to the art 

 by their chemists, but partly also to 



lent business organization and to skilfully- 



ied laws. The war, by putting a sudden 

 stop to the exportation of coal-tar dyes, 

 spurred chemists of other nations to intensive 



study; in the United States, especially, what 

 had been almost an exclusive German art be- 

 came firmly established as an American indus- 

 try. See COAL-TAR. J.F.S. 



ANIMAL. The simplest forms of animal life 

 consist of one cell only, and look much like 

 the lowest orders of plant life (see CELL). 

 Scientists are unable to tell whether some of 

 these tiny cells are animal or vegetable. These 

 simple cell animals have the power to do in 

 themselves, without any special organs, all 

 things necessary for their life. The higher 

 orders of animals are composed of billions of 

 cells, and have many intricate organs, each 

 with its special work to do. For instance, one 

 set of organs is employed in the collection of 

 food, another in its digestion, others in carrying 

 the food through the body, bringing air into 

 the system or carrying off waste and dead 

 matter. In different animals these organs vary 

 greatly, but their purposes are the same. 



No true distinction can be made between 

 plants and animals, even in many of the 

 higher organisms, by form alone. Thus it is 

 impossible to say that the power of motion 

 belongs only to animals, for some plants can 

 move and many animals are rooted or fixed. 

 The great distinction between plants and ani- 

 mals lies in the way in which they assimilate 

 food, that is, change it into such form that it 

 is useful in building them up. Almost all 

 plants feed on inorganic food, that is, food 

 which is neither animal nor vegetable. Ani- 

 mals, on the contrary, require organic or living 

 matter, and so are dependent upon plants or 

 upon other animals for food. Again, animals 

 are dependent upon a proper supply of oxygen 

 for their life, but plants require carbonic acid, 

 which is gem-rally poisonous to animals. Ani- 

 mals receive the food into the interior of 

 their bodies and digestion takes place in their 

 internal organs, but plants the food 



into ill- d bodies and digest and 



assimilate it in the external parts, for inst 

 in the leaf-surfaces, under the influence of 

 Htnlmht (see CHLOROPHYLL). As plants and 

 animals become more complicated in struc- 

 ture the distinctions between them broaden 

 until it is useless to point them out. All the 

 hundreds of thousands of animals which in- 

 habit the globe have been divided according 

 to certain traits or peculiarities into great 

 ps. which have been again and again sub- 

 led, for no matter how many points of 

 hk. -ness animals have, their differences are 

 even more noteworthy, and but for the char- 



