ANNEALING 265 



dictate her course. JVTien in 1688 James II was 

 dethroned by William and Mary, Anne was 

 induced by Lady Churchill to support her 

 sister rather than her father, and in 1702 she 

 succeeded William III on the throne. Lady 

 Churchill and afterward Mrs. Masham inter- 

 fered in all government affairs, and the court 

 was the scene of constant struggles for supreme 

 influence. 



The chief event of Anne's reign was the 

 union of England and Scotland, whereby Anne 

 became the first to bear the title of ruler of 

 "Great Britain." During much of her reign, 

 also, the Succession Wars were being waged in 

 Europe; one of these was called in America 

 Queen Anne's War, resulting from the Euro- 

 pean War of the Spanish Succession (see SUC- 

 CESSION WARS). Strange as it may seem, it 

 resulted in France giving up to England practi- 

 cally all of its northern possessions in America. 

 Because of the number of illustrious men who 

 lived and wrote during this period, the reign of 

 Anne is often known as the Augustan Age; 

 and indeed such names as those of Pope, Swift 

 and Addison make it worthy of that name. 



ANNEALING, the process of gradually heat- 

 ing and cooling to which many articles of metal 

 and glass are subjected, in order to make them 

 less brittle. When metal is cast, rolled into 

 plates or drawn into wire, it acquires a certain 

 brittleness which lessens its usefulness. In 

 general, the more rapidly a metal is cooled, 

 the harder and more brittle it is; slow cooling 

 makes a softer but more tenacious metal. 

 Steel tools, especially those used for cutting, 

 are usually immersed in water, which is first 

 heated and then allowed to cool; this pro- 

 duces extreme hardness. Armor plate and can- 

 non barrels, in which strength is essential 

 rather than hardness, are usually annealed in 

 oil, which cools very slowly. Boiler plates and 

 a few other articles are sometimes allowed to 

 cool in the air. 



In the manufacture of glass all the better 

 grades are annealed. The articles, usually 

 arranged on iron trays, are placed in a long 

 furnace, and their temperature is slowly raised 

 almost to the fusing point by drawing them 

 nearer and nearer the fire. They are then 

 slowly cooled by drawing the trays away from 

 tin in. See GLASS; IRON; STEEL; TEMPERING. 



ANNEXATION, in international law, the 

 formal process by which a state acquires 

 sovereignty over new territory. Such territory 

 may be unoccupied except by aborigines, in 

 which case annexation marks the establishment 



ANNEXATION 



of civilized government, merely the closing 

 act of discovery and conquest. If, however, 



UNITED STATES ANNEXATION MAP 



(a) Including solid black and parallel-lined 

 section, original territory after 1783 ; the solid 

 portion represents the thirteen colonies which 

 fought for independence, (b) Purchased from 

 Spain, 1819. (c) Louisiana Purchase, 1803. (d) 

 Texas annexation, 1845. (e) Mexican cession, 

 1848. (/) By discovery, exploration, settlement 

 and treaty of 1859. (g) Gadsden purchase from 

 Mexico, 1853. 



the territory was a part of another civilized 

 state, annexation implies that the new ruler 

 acquires all rights of ownership and completely 

 displaces the previous sovereign. According to 

 general usage, annexation includes not only 

 the acquisition by one state of territory adjoin- 

 ing it, such as the transfer of Alsace-Lorraine 

 to Germany after the Franco-German War, but 

 also the acquisition of lands far removed from 

 the boundaries of the nation acquiring these 

 new possessions. Examples of the latter are 

 the annexation of the Philippine Islands, 

 Hawaii and Porto Rico to the United States, 

 and of the Boer republics in South Africa to 

 the British Empire. 



Annexation may be the result of purchase, 

 of peaceful cession, or of conquest. For the 

 purposes of international law, however, all 

 cessions of territory become annexation, re- 

 gardless of any pressure brought to bear on tin 

 ceding country. When the United States first 

 acquired new territory, the Louisiana Purchase 

 of 1803, there was considerable doubt as to 

 the power of the national government to add 

 to the nation's domain, because no such power 

 waa expressly granted by the Constitution. 

 Since then other additions have been made, 

 and the government's right to annex territory 

 is generally admitted as a right which naturally 

 belongs to a sovereign power. 



The ownership or sovereignty of some parts 

 f the world is constantly changing; some of 

 tin important recent annexations are lii 



In-low: 



