ANTI-MASONS 



ANTIPODES 



Pines. The Lesser Antilles include the neck- 

 lace of islands from Porto Rico to the South 

 American coast, among them Martinique, 

 Saint Thomas, Trinidad and Barbados. See 

 WEST INDIES, and the colored map, under the 

 heading NORTH AMERICA. 



ANTI-MASONS, a short-lived American 

 political party which was of considerable im- 

 portance about 1830. As its name implies, its 

 fundamental principle was opposition to the 

 order of Free-Masons, but this was merely one 

 of a number of factors which united several 

 discontented elements, notably the anti-Jack- 

 son men and the advocates of high tariff and 

 internal improvements. The party sprang up 

 in 1827 and 1828 as the result of the anti- 

 Mason agitation following the disappearance 

 of William Morgon (1776-1826). 



Morgan claimed to be a Mason and to be 

 writing a book exposing the secrets of the 

 Order. He said he had been threatened with 

 a dire fate if he finished the book; he sud- 

 denly disappeared and never was found. The 

 public immediately accused the Masons of 

 his murder, which was denied and never 

 proved. Public excitement in Batavia, N. Y., 

 where Morgan lived, was tremendous, and 

 quickly spread throughout the state. The 

 Anti-Masonic party cast 33,000 votes in 1828 

 and 120,000 votes in 1830 in New York State 

 alone. The attempt to organize a national 

 party on this basis was not successful, as 

 William Wirt, the candidate for president in 

 1832, received only 33,000 votes. Many men 

 later prominent in public life, including Thur- 

 low Weed, Millard Fillmore and William H. 

 Seward first attracted public notice as Anti- 

 Masons. 



ANTIMONY, an' timoni, a brittle, metallic 

 element, of a silver-white color, which does not 

 rust or tarnish when exposed to the air. Pure 

 antimony is from 6.6 to 6.7 times as heavy 

 as water, and melts at a temperature of 830 

 to 840 F. When alloyed with other metals 

 it hardens them, and it is therefore used in 

 the manufacture of such materials as Britan- 

 nia-metal, type metal and pewter. It renders 

 the sound of bells more clear and sonorous; it 

 makes tin whiter as well as harder, and makes 

 the types for printing firmer and smoother. 

 The ancient Egyptians and other people of 

 the east used antimony for painting their eye- 

 brows and eye lashes, and certain brilliant red 

 pigments or colors used in oil painting, in 

 dyeing, and in the manufacture of safety 

 matches and fireworks are still made from it. 



The salts of antimony are very poisonous, and 

 have an effect similar to that 01 ai-seaic. Anti- 

 mony is used in the preparation of tartar 

 emetic and other medicines. 



Antimony is sometimes found in its pure 

 state. For commercial purposes, however, it 

 is derived chiefly from stibuiti-. which is about 

 seventy-two per cent antimony and twenty- 

 eight per cent sulphur. Stibnite is mined in 

 Austria, France, Germany, Italy, China, Japan 

 and other countries. It is also found in the 

 United States, but is not profitable to mine 

 because of the low price of the metal. Most 

 of the antimony used in Canada arid the 

 United States is imported, but small quanti- 

 ties are obtained in the smelting of lead-ores, 

 which frequently contain it. 



ANTIOCH, an'tiock, a famous city of 

 ancient times, the capital of the Greek kings 

 of Syria, called by the ancients the "Crown of 

 the East." It was situated on the left bank 

 of the River Orontes, twenty miles from the 

 Mediterranean Sea, resting on a beautiful, fer- 

 tile plain or climbing the rugged vine-clad 

 slopes that stretched southward. Antioch was 

 founded in 300 B.C. by Seleucus Nicator, who 

 ruled over a part of the divided empire of 

 Alexander the Great, and was named in honor 

 of his father, Antiochus. At the height of its 

 glory it rivaled Rome and Alexandria, having 

 a population estimated at 400,000, and was the 

 center of an extensive commerce. Its public 

 buildings were magnificent. Under the Ro- 

 mans the Syrian governors resided there, and 

 it was the Eastern headquarters of Julius 

 Caesar, Augustus, Herod and other rulers. 



Antioch became the cradle of Christianity 

 for the Gentiles; there the Christians first re- 

 ceived that name (Acts XI, 26) ; Paul set out 

 on his first missionary journeys from this city, 

 and in it were held many Church councils. 

 Its later history was troubled. It was seized 

 by the Persians in 538, by the Saracens in 635 

 and by the Seljuk Turks in 1084. In 1098 the 

 Crusaders captured it after a memorable siege. 

 Is was almost entirely destroyed by the Egyp- 

 tians in 1268, and at the present time only 

 the ruins of its walls and aqueducts remain. 

 On the site of the ancient city is the modern 

 town of Antakiyeh, an important American 

 missionary station, with Antioch College, an 

 institution of renown. The town has a pop- 

 ulation of about 30,000. 



ANTIPODES, an tip' odeez, the name given 

 people who are on exactly opposite parts of 

 the earth. The name means feet to feet. Our 



