ANTIPOPE 



ANTISEPTIC 



antipodes have their feet pointing toward us 

 and their heads away from us. To find the 

 antipodes of any point, take a globe and see 

 where the axis inserted at that point and ex- 

 tended through the center of the globe will 

 appear on the opposite side. 



Antipodes Island, a small island in tho 

 South Pacific Ocean, 460 miles south by east 

 \'ew Zealand. It is so called because it is 

 almost directly opposite London, England. 



AN'TIPOPE, a person chosen or claiming 

 to have been chosen Pope, in opposition to 

 tho Pope regularly chosen in accordance with 

 canon law. For political reasons, or some- 

 times for religious reasons, certain factions in 

 the Roman Catholic Church or certain Euro- 

 pean rulers opposed the authority of the Pope 

 and supported an antipope in opposition. In 

 the days when the Pope had temporal as well 

 as spiritual authority political considerations 

 often played the most important part in the 

 election of the Supreme Pontiff. Otho I, Holy 

 Roman Emperor, displaced two Popes for per- 

 sonal reasons; later emperors used military 

 force to displace Popes or set up antipopes; 

 tho kings of France frequently interfered, and 

 i the kings of Sicily, a comparatively un- 

 important kingdom, sometimes set up anti- 

 popes in opposition to the Popes supported by 

 the emperors. 



The first antipope was said to be Laurentius, 

 elected in 498 in opposition to Symmachus, 

 and the last was Felix V, a duke of Savoy, 

 who was elected in 1439. The most famous 

 of the untipopes was elected after the death 

 of Gregory XI, in 1378. Gregory was a 

 m, but he removed the papal sec 

 from Avignon back to Rome, win TO iho car- 

 dinals proceeded to elect an Italian, Urban VI, 

 an Pope. Shortly afterward the College of 

 Cardinals was induced to elect the antipope 

 Clement VII, a Frenchman, who was recog- 

 1 as Pope by France and Spain, \vhilo 

 Italy, Germany and the whole north of Europe 

 except Scotland supported Urban. This rivalry 

 produced the "great schism," or "great schism 

 of the West," which divided the Church for 

 half a century. 



ANTIPYRENB, antipv'rin, a white pow- 

 der, given often as a medicine to relieve pain 

 or to lower fever temperature. As it raakea 

 heart beats slower and causes the pulsa- 

 tions to be weaker, it should not be taken 

 except upon the advice of a physician, espe- 

 patient has a tendency to heart 

 disease. Some physicians use it as a substi- 



tute for morphine in trying to cure the drug 

 habit, but its value for this purpose is by no 

 means well established. 



ANTI-SALOON LEAGUE, an organization 

 for stopping the liquor traffic, first through 

 education of the people regarding the effects 

 of liquor, and then by legislation of a prohib- 

 itory character. The anti-saloon league was 

 first organized as a state body in Ohio in 1893, 

 and it is now found in every state in the 

 Union. It includes members of all political 

 parties and all religious denominations. Its 

 method is to unite all organizations and influ- 

 ences that are opposed to the liquor traffic 

 and to use their combined influence to secure 

 laws that will greatly restrict the use of intox- 

 icating liquors or entirely stop their sale. 

 There is a national organization, fully officered, 

 with headquarters at Westerville, Ohio, and 

 Washington, D. C. Each state has a state 

 superintendent and a board of managers, which 

 usually includes representatives from all polit- 

 ical parties and religious denominations. Since 

 its organization the league has been very suc- 

 cessful in securing the passage of prohibition 

 laws. See PROHIBITION; TEMPERANCE; LOCAL 

 OPTION. SK\. 



ANTISEPTIC, an tisep' tik,&uy agent which 

 prevents or stops the decay of vegetable or 

 animal matter, septic being derived from the 

 Greek word for rotting or decay. Literally, 

 therefore, the term antiseptic is general in its 

 meaning, but in popular speech it is so com- 

 monly associated with medicine and surgery 

 that it seems best to discuss the subject under 

 two headings first, in the arts generally; sec- 

 ond, in modicine and surgery. 



In the Arts. A distinction should be made 

 between a true wrmicide, that is, gerni-killor. 

 and an agent which nioivly pivvonts the d 

 opment of germs. Thus, cold storage prevents 

 the growth of bacteria in meat, but it does 

 not destroy all of them, and if meat is re- 

 moved from cold storage undestroyed germs 

 will develop. On the other hand, extreme 

 heat, whether wet or dry, kills bactcrin. Bac- 

 teria grow only under certain favorable con- 

 < lit ions of moisture, temperature and food sup- 

 ply ; if these are removed they cannot develop. 

 Canned meats, fruits and vegetables, for 

 example, are first cooked and then sealed while 

 hot in air-tight vessels to prevent them from 

 "spoiling'; this is merely an application of 

 antiseptic principles. 



Occasionally such active antiseptics as boric 

 acid and formaldehyde are mixed with foods. 



