ARBITRATION 



315 



ARBOR DAY 



tween arbitration involving individuals and 

 that involving nations. Arbitration by indi- 

 viduals has been made compulsory in many 

 parts of the world, particularly in labor dis- 

 putes. The most conspicuous example is in 

 !:md, whore strikes and other prob- 

 lems of labor must be arbitrated, and failure 

 to carry out the award of the arbitrators is 

 punishable by law. Arbitration between na- 

 tions is purely voluntary, and no interaa- 



1 po\v. r. t -\o-pt war or the threat of war, 

 be to force a nation to accept an award 

 which it regards as unjust. 



In Civil Cases. Arbitration is a simple 

 method of settling many cases without the 

 delay and expense of a long legal process. It 

 is especially desirable if the amount at issue 

 is small, when the court costs and other fees 

 would be greater than the money or value of 

 property involved. In Pennsylvania arbitra- 

 tion is compulsory if one of the parties desires 

 it, although in most states it is voluntary. In 

 England, arbitration may be at the request 

 of the parties concerned, or at the order of the 

 judge, who appoints a referee; in either case 

 the awards are usually enforced by the courts 

 unless fraud can be proved. 



Industrial Arbitration. As a method of 

 settling disputes between employers and em- 

 ployees, arbitration is increasing in popularity, 

 especially in those industries on which the 

 general public is dependent for its comfort or 

 security. An example of this tendency was the 

 ment of the great strike of the anthra- 

 cite coal miners in the United States in 1902; 

 arbitration in this instance was due to the 

 initiative of President Roosevelt. Another 

 miners' strike, perhaps of even greater impor- 

 ie and settled in the same way, was the 

 refusal of the Welsh coal miners in 1915 to 

 work until their wages were increased and th ir 

 working conditions improved. Strikes of em- 

 ployees of steam, electric and street railways 

 are frequently settled in this way. In New 

 and several states of Australia com- 



v iil.,; ration is enforced, but this method 



has made slow progress in other parta of the 



world. New York, Massachusetts and a few 



r states have boards of arbitration winch 



may investigate disputes on their own initia- 



or at the request of one of the parties. 

 < anada the Dominion Department of Labor 



ntly settles labor disputes. 

 International Arbitration. From ancient 



::iMliy disputes DCt \ 



ms have been settled by arbitration. 



Greeks and Romans, to be sure, regarded for- 

 eigners as barbarians, and generally refused to 

 consider arbitration with another nation, but 

 between the various Greek states it was a com- 

 mon occurrence. In more modern times the 

 Pope has been chosen frequently as arbi- 

 trator for example, when Pope Alexander VI 

 drew the line of demarcation between Span- 

 i>h and Portuguese possessions in the two 

 Americas, and when Pope Clement XI was 

 the third arbitrator under the terms of tin 

 Treaty of Ryswick (see DEMARCATION, LINK 

 OF). In the nineteenth century Great Britain 

 and the United States have several times arbi- 

 trated their disputes (see ALABAMA, THK; 

 BERING SEA CONTROVERSY; BRITISH COLUMBIA, 

 subhead History). Perhaps the greatest step 

 in the effort to eliminate war as the result of 

 disputes was the establishment of the Hague 

 Tribunal, a permanent international court. 

 Many nations have signed individual arbitra- 

 tion treaties with other nations. The United 

 States, through Secretary of State Bryan, pro- 

 posed and ratified in 1914 a series of such 

 treaties with most of the leading nations of 

 the world. These all provide for the creation 

 of commissions to which disputes may be re- 

 ferred, and the parties to the treaties agree 

 not to declare war before the report of the 

 commission is presented. See PEACE CONFER- 



I KRNATIONAL. W. F. Z. 



Consult Foster's Arbitration and The Hague 

 Court; Morris's International Arbitration and 

 Procedure. 



ARBOR DAY, a day set apart in Canada and 

 the United States for the planting of trees, 

 honored most of all by the children of the 

 public schools. It is a part of the movement 

 which has for its aim the saving and renewal 

 of the forests and other natural resources of 

 these countries (see CONSERVATION). The first 

 Arbor Day was celebrated in Nebraska in 

 1872, and waa the idea of Julius Sterling Y 

 ton, Secretary of Aurirulturr undrr IV-sidrnt 

 Cleveland. Mr. Morton deplored the fact 

 tii.it his state should be almost treeless, and 

 that ni other parts of tin- country th.-rr had 

 been such widespread destruction of timber 

 areas. Since that time other states and a 

 number of provinces have one by one adopted 

 the pi in which he developed, and now a large 

 proportion of them have an Arbor Day, either 

 1 by law or named by proclamation. In 

 Canada and in most of the northern states 

 it comes late in April or .irly in M:iy; in tin- 

 southern states, between December and M 



