ARCHAEOLOGY 



319 



ARCHBISHOP 



its span is over 295 feet. Steel arches are 

 widrly used at the present time in bridge 



THKi:i: TVl'KS OF ARCH 

 Semi-circular. (6) Horseshoe, (c) Lancet. 



building; the steel arch supporting the car- 

 bridge below Niagara Falls has a span 

 of 840 feet, and the arch of the new Hell Gate 

 bridge one of 1,016 feet (see HELL GATE). 



Arches for purposes of decoration are also 

 frequently seen. In public celebrations flower- 

 covered arches often span the streets; single 

 arches are sometimes erected for gateways or 

 as memorials. The triumphal arch of the 

 Romans, under which a victorious general led 

 his army, is of historic fame. See ARCH OF 

 TRIUMPH; CONSTANTINE, ARCH OF; SEPTIMIUS 

 SBVBBUS, ARCH OF; TITUS, ARCH OF; TRAJAN, 



OF. B.M.W. 



ARCHAEOLOGY, ahrkeol' ojy, the science 

 which deals with the history of nations and 

 peoples, not as set forth in their written rec- 

 ords, but as shown in the material results of 

 thrir labor which yet remain. Thus architec- 

 ture, sculpture, painting, as well as the crudest 

 of utensils and implements, furnish knowledge 

 of what different peoples were in the early 

 epochs of their history. The remains of Greek 

 and Roman civilization have been given by far 

 most attention, and that branch of archae- 

 ology is therefore more advanced than others, 

 but within the last few decades increasing 

 rest has been shown in excavations and dis- 

 coveries in Babylonia and other lands of the 

 Near East. In the United States the Mound- 

 lers and some of the early Indian tribes 

 relics which have attracted much atten- 

 tion from archaeologists. 



icology divides the prehistoric period 



of tin human race, especially an shown by re- 



MS found in Europe, into the Stone, th. 



-./ and tic Iron ages, according to tin- 



f material used for weapons and implo- 



>d. See AGE; MOUND- 



1>ER8; B.Aim.oNU 



ARCHANGEL, /ir a name meaning 



' w/7. As used in the New Testnr 

 '"i -I indicates that there arc ranks an 

 angels. Saint Paul refers to th< Lord aa 

 an archangel (/ They. IV, 13). Judc refers to 



the archangel Michael. While Gabriel is no- 

 where directly called an archangel he is con- 

 sidered chief among the angels. In Revela- 

 tion there are various references which indicate 

 that there are angels of different rank. See 



KL. 



ARCHANGEL, an important Russian sea- 

 port and commercial center, founded in 1584, 

 and situated at the mouth of the River Dvina 

 on the White Sea, about 740 miles northeast 

 of Petrograd. It is larger than any other town 

 in the world in such northerly latitude, being 

 less than 2 south of the Arctic Circle. If 

 New York City were as far north as Archangel 

 it would be located in Southern Greenland. 

 For more than six months of the year the 

 port of Archangel is closed by ice. Up to 

 1916 it was Russia's only open seaport in 

 Europe, for its ports on the Baltic are not 

 available for commerce in time of war because 

 the nation which can control the narrow en- 

 trances around Denmark can effectively cut 

 off that sea from the world. This occurred the 

 day the War of the Nations was begun in 1914 ; 

 then the importance of Archangel was empha- 

 sized as it had not been before for a hundred 

 years. For description of Russia's new port, 

 open all the year, see EKATERINA. 



The trade of the city is extensive; it exports 

 linseed, flax, tow, tallow, train oil, mats, timber, 

 pitch and tar to the value of about $4.500,000 

 annually. In September each year a fair is 

 held which attracts merchants from all parts 

 of Russia and the East. The city contains 

 some fine buildings and the cathedral is con- 

 sidered one of the finest in Russia. Population 

 in 1911, 37,987. 



ARCHBISH'OP, the chief prelate or bishop 

 of an ecclesiastical province, or see, who has 

 jurisdiction over all bishops in that province. 

 Tin- title was first used in the fourth coin 

 to distinguish the bishops in large cities from 

 those of small* r churches, and the office is 

 recognized in the Roman Catholic, Anglican 

 and Greek churches. The archbishop of Rome 

 is the Pope; he has the power to appoint other 

 archbishops, who must previously have been 

 bishops. England has two archbishops, one at 

 Canterbury and the other at York, of whom 

 thr former is supreme. His is the right of 

 crowning the kings or queens of Great Britain 

 Roman Catholic is tin- only Church niain- 

 i unum tin- office of archbishop in the United 

 States, which is divi.l.-d into fourteen pro- 

 vinces, or sees, with an archbishop over each. 

 Sec BISHOP. 



