ARCHIBALD 



321 



ARCHIPELAGO 



States, though to a less extent in the latter 

 countries than in the first-named. See Bow 

 AND ARROW. 



ARCHIBALD, SIR ADAMS GEORGE (1814- 

 1892), a Canadian statesman, one of the lead- 

 ers in the movement for Confederation and the 

 first lieutenant-governor of Manitoba. He was 

 born at Truro, N. S., educated at Pictou Acad- 

 emy, and called 

 to the bar of his 

 native province 

 in 1839. He en- 

 tered public life 

 in 1851 as mem- 

 ber of the Nova 

 Scotia assembly, 

 and after 1856 

 held in turn the 

 positions of solic- 

 itor - general o f 

 Nova Scotia, at- 

 torney-general and advocate-general in the 

 -admiralty court at Halifax. He was a 

 member of the Charlottetown and Quebec 

 Conferences, and played an important part in 

 the work preceding Confederation. When Con- 

 federation was won in 1867, he became a mem- 

 ber of the Dominion House of Commons and 

 for a year was also Secretary of State for the 

 colonies in Sir John A. Macdonald's Ministry. 

 In 1870 he was appointed first lieutenant-gov- 

 ernor of Manitoba, a position of great responsi- 

 bility because of the disorders at the time (see 

 M \MTOBA, subtitle History). He resigned in 

 1873, later served two terms as lieutenant- 

 governor of Nova Scotia, and from 1888 to 

 1891 again sat in the House of Com in* 



SIR ADAMS GEORGE 

 ARCHIBALD 



ARCHIMEDEAN, ahr ki me' dc an, SCREW, 



-ing water, said t- 



invented by Archimedes. It consists of a hol- 

 21 



low spiral tube bent around a cylinder, as 

 shown in the illustration. The device is in- 

 clined, the lower end being immersed in the 

 water; the upper end has a handle by which 

 the apparatus may be turned. The water is 

 gradually raised from one bend of the tube to 

 the next and finally flows out of the upper 

 end. The Archimedean screw, in ancient times, 

 was used in the Nile valley for draining and 

 irrigating land, and it is now sometimes em- 

 ployed where it is desired to raise a large 

 quantity of water not more than ten or fifteen 

 feet, with the expenditure of little power. See 

 ARCHIMEDES. 



ARCHIMEDES, ahr ki mee' decz (287-212 

 B.C.), the greatest mathematician who lived 

 before the Christian Era, and the discoverer 

 of the principle of specific gravity (which see). 

 He was born at Syracuse, in Sicily, and prob- 

 ably studied at Alexandria, after which he 

 returned to his native city and there passed the 

 rest of his life. 



His discovery of "Archimedes' principle," on 

 which the theory of specific gravity is based, 

 occurred, according to legend, in the following 

 manner. Entrusted by the ruler of Syracuse 

 with the task of finding out whether a certain 

 goldsmith had used all the gold turned over 

 to him in making a crown, Archimedes pon- 

 dered long over the question. One day while 

 in the bath he noticed how his body made 

 the water rise, and then came to him the two 

 principles that a body displaces a quantity 

 of water equal in bulk to itself, and that the 

 loss in weight of the body immersed in water 

 equals the weight of the water displaced. Ex- 

 1 by his discovery, the absent-minded 

 philosopher leaped from the bath and ran 

 through the streets crying "Eureka 1 I have 

 found it'" 



Archimedes also discovered the principle of 



the lever, and boasted that if he had but a 



place to stand upon and to rest a lever upon, 



he could move the world. The Archimedean 



(which see) was also constructed by him. 



as \\ 'is burning mirrors and hurling 



i. s much used during sieges. After the 



siege - icuse. when- with his burning 



glares Archimedes had fired the Koman fleet, 



man soldier, rushing into the philoso] ' 



... found him calmly drawing geometrical 



figures. Not noticing the soldi, r's drawn 



Don't disturb my 

 i nraged. the soldier slew him. 



ARCHIPELAGO, ar k> pel' ago, a word de- 

 1 from two Greek words meaning chief 



