ARMADA 



373 



ARMADILLO 



employed as a mode of expression, as seen in 

 shrugging the shoulders, in the various move- 

 ments and positions assumed in talking, and 

 finally, in the highest development yet 

 achieved, the art of writing. 



The movements of the arm are accomplished 

 by sets or groups of muscles, the flexors bend- 

 ing the arm, the extensors extending it, the 

 pronators turning the forearm over (palm 

 downward) and the supinators turning it back 

 again. The flexors and extensors move and 

 control the motions of the hand and fingers. 

 The muscles (biceps) of the upper arm bend 

 it to an angle and the triceps straighten it out 

 again. Then, too, attached to the upper part of 

 the upper-arm bone are great muscles (pec- 

 toral) which pull the arms across the chest; 

 another great muscular mass draws the arms 

 backwards, and there is also a muscle (the 

 deltoid or shoulder muscle) which raises the 

 arm above the head. Including the twenty- 

 seven bones of the hand there are thirty bones 

 in each arm. Those above the hand are the 

 long bone of the upper arm, called the 

 humerus, and the ulna and radius of the fore- 

 arm. See MUSCLE; JOINTS; SKELETON; HAND. 



ARMADA, armay'da, a name commonly 

 used to mean the Invincible Armada sent out 

 by Spain against England in 1588, though in 

 reality it means any armed force. The great 

 Spanish Armada was fitted out by Philip II, 

 partially to avenge the death of Mary Queen 

 of Scots, and consisted of 131 great war ves- 

 sels, with over 19,000 soldiers and 8,000 sailors. 

 The fleet had scarcely quitted Lisbon on May 

 29 when it was shattered by a storm, and had 

 to be refitted in Coruna. It was to cooper- 

 ate with a land force collected in Flanders 

 miili-r th<> Prince of Parma, and to unite with 

 this it proceeded through the English Chan m ! 

 1 Calais. 



As it sailed it was attacked by the English 

 fleet under Howard, Dnkr, Hawkins and 

 Frobisher, and the great lumbering Spanish 

 vessels suffered severely from the lighter Eng- 

 l:-li craft, which could fire and escape before 

 tin- Spaniards could train their gun* upon 

 tin in. Dim n close to Gravelines, the armada 

 was becalmed and thrown into confusion by 

 fircships. The duke of Medina Sidonia, 

 on imandcr, at last acknowledged his defeat 

 and set out on his return journey round the 

 h of Great Britain; but storm after storm 

 assailed his ships, scattering them in all direc- 

 tions and sinking many. Some went down on 

 the cliffs of Norway, others in the open sea, 



others on the Scottish coast. Only about fifty 

 vessels arrived in Spain. That country's naval 



ROUTE OF THE ARMADA 

 power, till then supreme, never recovered from 

 this blow. 



ARMADILLO, nr ma dil' o, an animal with an 

 armor, which lives in South America. It is a 

 harmless creature, and lies burrowed in the 

 earth throughout the day, moving about only 

 in the dark hours. When alarmed it curls 



Tin: ARMADILLO 



Showing, also, front .m.i side views of the 

 animal when curled into Its 



itself into a ball, protected on all sides by its 

 hard, bony shell, and rolls away from its 

 enemy. In some varieties the armor forms 

 two large bands about the shoulders and 

 haunches, separated by the narrow and flex- 

 ible bands; in others, it is composed of a large 

 number of small plates. 



