ARMOUR INSTITUTE 



377 



ARMS 



pork-packing and dressed-meat establishment 

 in the world. He was born at Stockbridge, 

 N. Y., and in 1852 went to California, where 

 he spent the next four years without marked 

 success. In 1856 he engaged in the wholesale 

 grocery and grain commission business in Mil- 

 waukee, Wis., and a few years later joined his 

 brother, Herman O. Armour (1837-1901), and 

 others in the pork-packing business under tin- 

 name Armour, Plankinton & Co. After 1870 

 this firm was known as Armour & Co., and 

 rapidly became the greatest of its kind, with 

 branches in all parts of the world. Armour 

 had many interests outside his business, and 

 donated large sums to philanthropic projects. 

 He founded Armour Institute of Technology 

 (which see). 



Jonathan Ogden Armour (1863- ), his son, 

 succeeded his father as head of Armour & 

 Co., and he has extended the banking, railroad 

 and other interests of the family. 



ARMOUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, 

 at Chicago, 111., was founded by Philip Dan- 

 forth Armour in 1892, as a school of col- 

 legiate rank to combine "broad scientific train- 

 ing with the elements of liberal culture." The 

 first classes were held in 1893, and the average 

 attendance is now about 700, besides an equal 

 number who attend the night school. Courses 

 are offered in all branches of engineering, in 

 architecture, and in many subjects such as 

 political science, history, philosophy, English 

 composition and literature, which are consid- 

 ered necessary to a well-rounded education. 

 The laboratories and workshops are provided 

 with modern equipment, and the institute has 

 a reference library of 30,000 volumes. The 

 productive endowment is $2,000,000, and the 

 annual income is about $200,000. There has 

 been but one president, Frank Wakely Gun- 

 saulus. 



ARMS, u term generally applied to weapons 

 of offense and defense carried in the hands or 

 worn attached to supports such as belts, and 

 wielded by hand. Weapons with which armies 

 and navies are equipped, such as guns and 

 cannon, not carried by one man, are classed 

 as artillery, under which heading they are fully 

 described. 



Modern Arms. The soldiers of the armies 

 engaged in the War of the Nations were armed 

 with rifles, carbines, bayonets, lances and 

 swords. Infantry regiments used only 

 and bayonet; cavalry men were provided with 

 lance, sword and rifle or carbine, or only sword 

 and carbine. Officers of all ranks .carried pistols 



or revolvers as well as swords. The baj'onet 

 is* the most modern offensive weapon not a 

 firearm, having been invented about 1650 (see 

 BAYONET). The weapons now used are fully 

 described under their respective titles. See 

 RIFLE; SWORD; LANCE; REVOLVER; SPEAR; Bow; 

 MACHINE GUN. 



Historical Development. Prehistoric man 

 probably found his first offensive and defensive 

 weapon in a wooden club which gradually 

 gave place to clubs and axes of stone and 

 spears with heads of sharpened flint. Clubs 

 were no doubt effective weapons at close quar- 

 ters, but the desire to kill the enemy while at 

 a greater distance led to the introduction of 

 the bow and arrow and the javelin, which was 

 hurled a short distance by hand. The crude 

 weapons of the Stone Age were greatly im- 

 proved upon when the secret of metal working 

 was discovered. Swords, knives, axes of bronze 

 and lances and javelins with bronze tips came 

 into general use. These, in turn, gave place to 

 weapons of iron, which give the name of Iron 

 Age to the period of their use. These iron 

 weapons were made from beaten metal, not 

 cast in any mold, hence there was a great 

 variety of patterns, each maker suiting his 

 individual fancy. 



Among the ancient Egyptians and Assyrians 

 the bow was the principal weapon of offense, 

 though short swords were worn for use at close 

 quarters. The Greeks trusted mainly to the 

 lance, javelin and spear, but they also carried 

 short swords. The- Roman soldier carried a 

 sword with two edges, about twenty-four inches 

 in length, and its use made Rome mistress of 

 the world, none being able to withstand the 

 attacks of the phalanxes of the Roman legions. 

 In the Middle Ages knights were armed with 

 lance, sword and battle axe, or mace, while 

 foot soldiers carried bows and swords. For 

 centuries the six-foot yew bow, discharging a 

 "cloth yard shaft," an arrow three feet in 

 length, was considered the most deadly of all 

 weapons. The introduction of the crossbow 

 was regarded as an improvement, though many 

 of the greatest soldiers retained the older form 

 of weapon. The longbow and the crossbow 

 were both rendered obsolete by the invention 

 of gunpo\\d< r. \\hu-li in battle equalized the 

 armed knight and the unprotected foot soldier. 

 At the siege of Cambrai in 1339 cannon of 

 unwieldy shape and site were used and hurled 

 stones and metal balls through ranks of foot 

 and horse. Then commenced the development 

 of the weapons of modem warfare. F.ST.A. 



