ARTICLES 



401 



ARTIFICIAL LIMBS 



ARTICLES, THE THIRTY-NINE, the state- 

 ment of the religious beliefs of the members of 

 the Church of England. They are based on 

 42 c.rticles drawn up in the reign of Edward VI 

 (1551) by a commission of eight bishops, eight 

 clergymen, eight civilians and eight lawyers, 

 Ridley, Cranmer and Coverdale being among 

 the number. Queen Mary would not acknowl- 

 edge them, but under Elizabeth, Archbishop 

 Parker revised them, reducing them to thirty- 

 nine. They were confirmed by the queen in 

 1563, and were ratified anew in 1604 and 1628. 

 By the Clerical Subscription Act of 1866, the 

 clergy do not have to sign these articles, but 

 declare their belief in them and in the Prayer 

 Book. Since 1871 members of Oxford and 

 Cambridge Universities are not obliged to sign 

 them. The thirty-nine articles are now ac- 

 cepted by the Episcopalian churches of Scot- 

 land, Ireland and America. 



ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION, the 

 written instrument of government adopted in 

 1781 by the thirteen American colonies, or 

 new states, who were then fighting for inde- 

 pendence. It took a brief experience with this 

 form of weak confederation to prove that a 

 strong government was impossible under such 

 a basic law, but out of the trials and mistakes 

 of this "critical period of American history" 

 were born a new Constitution and a new 

 nation, the United States of America. 



The reasons for the failure of the Confeder- 

 ation were numerous, but they may be summed 

 up in the statement that each of the states 

 was an independent country, and the thirteen 

 states merely formed a more or less "firm 

 league of friendship with each other" (Article 

 III). Article II stated expressly that "Each 

 state retains its sovereignty, freedom and inde- 

 pendence, and every power, jurisdiction, and 

 nuht which is not by this Confederation ex- 

 pressly delegated to the United States in 

 Congress assembled." 



The government under the Confederation 

 was in the hands of Congress, which included 

 not less than two nor more than seven dele- 

 - from a state, each state having, however, 

 one vote; the vote of each state was cast 

 as the majority of its delegates <1 Con- 



gress could decide disputes between the states. 

 It had no power to regulate commerce or to 

 raise revenue; it could declare war, but could 

 not raise troops; it could make appropriations, 

 but could not collect taxes; it could pass laws, 

 but could not compel their observance; it 

 could borrow money, but could not guarantee 

 2G 



its repayment. When Congress was not in 

 session the government was administered by 

 a "committee of the states," composed of one 

 delegate from each state. 



The Articles of Confederation were drawn 

 by a committee of Congress appointed on the 

 same day as was the committee to draw up 

 the Declaration of Independence. The Articles 

 were reported to Congress July, 1776, but they 

 were not adopted until November, 1777. They 

 were then submitted to the state legislatures, 

 whose unanimous consent was necessary to 

 make them effective. By May, 1779, twelve 

 of the states had ratified the Articles, but 

 Maryland demanded that New York, Virginia, 

 Connecticut and the other states give up their 

 claims to the lands west of the Alleghany 

 Mountains. Not until all the states had agreed 

 to cede their claims to the Federal government 

 did Maryland ratify the Articles, on March 1, 

 1781. Thus the Revolutionary War was almost 

 over before the states could agree on a form 

 of government. See ANNAPOLIS CONVENTION; 

 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



The text of the Articles of Confederation, too 

 long to be inserted here, may be purchased for 

 five cents from Directors of the Old South Work, 

 Old South Meeting House, Boston. E.D.F. 



ARTICULATION, ar tikula' shun, in anat- 

 omy, is a term applied to the joining of the 

 bones. This process is described in the article 

 JOINTS (which see). 



Articulation, in speech, is clear and distinct 

 utterance. The principles of articulation as 

 taught in schools are briefly set forth in the 

 \\oll-known lines 



Speak clearly if you speak at all * 

 Carve every word before you let it fall ; 



and Shakespeare put into the mouth of Hamlet 

 advice on the subject by which others besides 

 players might profit: 



Speak the speech, I pray you, as I pronounced 

 it to you, trippingly on the tongue ; for if you 

 mouth it as many of your players do, I had aa 

 lief the town-crier spoke my lin-s. 



People who do not articulate clearly usually 

 fail to bring out the sounds of the consonants 

 in words, or certain syllables, as the ing in 

 depending < ngly. 



ARTIFICIAL, artifish'al, LIMBS, limbs 

 made to supply the place of those lost by acci- 

 dent or in war. From the very earliest days 

 those who have lost arms or legs have endeav- 

 ored by artificial means to replace them, but it 

 18 only within n-ront years that the manufac- 

 of limbs has developed into a science. 

 In the United States, prior to the War of the 



