AUSTRIA-HUNGARY 



507 



AUSTRIA-HUNGARY 



outlying provinces of Hungary, whether it be 

 the northern Slavic portion or the Rumanian 

 section of Transylvania, had to make himself 

 as familiar with the Magyar language as with 

 his own if he wished to enter political or dip- 

 lomatic circles. Of Jews the n were over 2,500,- 

 000 more than a sixth of all the Jews in the 

 world; of gypsies about 95,000, and a consid- 

 erable number of Armenians. (For distribu- 

 tion of races, see accompanying map.) 



Religion and Education. There was no state 

 Church, in the strict sense of the term, and 

 any sect which does not preach doctrines con- 

 trary to ihe laws of the country was allowed 

 lorn of worship. The Roman Catholic 

 Church had by far the largest number of mem- 

 bers. The Greek Church was next, and of the 

 Protestant churches the Lutheran was strongest 

 in the German section, and various Calvanistic 

 creeds flourished in Hungary. 

 I The existence of so many different races 

 with different standards of culture made the 

 establishment of a uniform system of educa- 

 tion practically impossible, so throughout most 

 of the country each province managed its own 

 schools. This was more true in Austria than in 

 Hungary, for in the latter monarchy the Mag- 

 yars were more dominant than was any one race 

 in Austria, and are therefore able to force 

 th-ir ideas to some extent on the other peo- 

 ples. There was, however, in Austria as well as 

 in Hungary a state department of instruction 

 which exercised a supervision over provincial 

 affairs. The German provinces of Austria 

 had the highest educational standards, their 

 schools being noted particularly for their fine 

 technical training. Above the primary schools 

 were the gymnasia, which prepared for the uni- 

 versities, and the rcalschulcn, from which 

 students went to institutes of technology. The 

 University of Vienna, the greatest in the whole 

 monarchy, is generally recognized as one of 

 the foremost universities in the world; gradu- 

 ate students from America, especially physi- 

 cians, attend it in large numbers. Hungary 

 also had two classes of schools between tin 

 elementary and the mimi-ity. and its educa- 

 tional system culminat<d in t:\ nre.it mi 



Illiteracy tests show that the prrcentago for 

 Austria of those u>t read and write 



was twenty-? : for Hungary tw. 



eight; but such gen. id .-tainurriN ai- 



the more advanr. d portions of th< 



Emigration. The emigration from Austria 

 has averaged in recent years, before 1914, 



from 250,000 to 275,000, and of these by far 

 the larger proportions have made their homes 

 in the United States, so the latter country 

 had in 1910 a population of more than 2.700,- 

 000 who were bora in >r of 



Austro-Hungarian parentage. About three per 

 cent of Canada's immigrants before the great 

 war were from the dual monarchy. As with 

 so many of the European nations, the com- 

 pulsory military service has been held t 

 count for much of the emigration. See AP.MY. 

 subhead Austria-Hungary. 



Government and Cities. Under the subhead 

 Government in the articles AUSTRIA and II 

 GARY are treated the separate governments of 

 the dual monarchy, but there are certain func- 

 tions which they had in common. Thus ques- 

 tions of national finance, war and foreign re- 

 lations were dealt with by two Delegations, 

 one chosen by 

 the Austrian Par- 

 liament, one by 

 the Hungarian, 

 and each consist- 

 ing of sixty mem- 

 bers. These met 

 one year at Vi- 

 enna and the 

 next at Budapest, 

 and held their 

 sessions separate- 

 ly. The results 

 of the delibera- 

 tions were sent xz JOSEPH 



Succeed I'ti r nu&cu Joseph 



from one to the on November 21, 1916. il- 

 other in writing, abdicated November 

 and if after three such interchanges they failed 

 to agree, they met for voting, but not for dis- 

 cussion. 



The chief cities in the old Austria were 

 Vienna, the capital; Trieste. Prague. Lemberg, 

 Cracow and drat/; in Hungary, Budapest and 

 Szcpedm. All the more important cities are 

 described at length in their alphabetical order 

 in these volui; 



History. The history of the two monarchies 

 up to IN'.. ;. ly m the articles 



AUSTRIA and Hi N.\KV That was the year of 

 the An*t/i< i<-h, or agreement, by which the two 

 sovereign states were made one monarchy 

 with a single ruler and a single flag. The 

 position of the two countries at that time 

 explain- the peculiar arrangement: Hungary, 



is almost but 



not quite strong enough to demand it; Aus- 

 its weakness made plain by the rapidity 



