BALKAN WARS 



555 



BALKAN WARS 



March, 1912, and for two months following 

 there was an unofficial state of war. The 

 Greeks, too, set up extravagant claims against 

 the equally extravagant claims of Bulgaria with 

 reference to Saloniki and the Aegean coast. 

 In June, when it was already apparent that 

 Bulgaria, rather than yield to the claims of 

 Greece and Serbia, was preparing for war, 

 Rumania notified Bulgaria that it would not 

 remain neutral in a second war except for a 

 territorial consideration. Bulgaria's hesitation 

 made Rumania an ally of Serbia and Greece; 

 Montenegro, as Serbia's particular ally, was 

 also involved. 



Hostilities were begun by the Bulgarians on 

 June 30, 1913, and by the end of July the war 

 was over. Against Serbia, Greece and Monte- 

 negro, Bulgaria had an even chance, but the 

 addition of Rumania, which declared- war on 

 July 10, made the odds hopeless, and on July 

 21, when the allies were within twenty miles 

 of Sofia, Bulgaria asked for an armistice. By 

 the Treaty of Bucharest, signed on August 10, 

 Bulgaria lost a considerable part of the terri- 

 tory taken from Turkey. The latter, in the 

 meantime, seized the opportunity to retake 

 Adrianople, which had been given to Bulgaria 

 by the Treaty of London, and Bulgaria was 

 obliged to cede the fortress and a large area 

 beyond it to Turkey. 



Effect of the Wars on European Diplomacy. 

 The two Balkan Wars, instead of providing a 

 settlement of the Eastern Question, created 

 new problems, and left Europe in a state of 

 general distrust which was one of the causes 

 of the War of the Nations. All the antagon- 

 isms of the nations involved, instead of being 

 lessened, were sharpened by the realization that 

 the situation left by the treaty of peace could 

 not last. In fact, before peace was finally 

 declared, each of the great European powers 

 was making preparations for war. The budgets 

 of 1913 provided increases in ( -((uipim -nt an.l 

 personnel greater than had ever been provided 

 before, and the possibility of a general Knn- 

 pean war was again considered by careful ob- 

 servers. The spark for the conflagration was 

 tli' assassination of the Archduke Fn 

 Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian throne. See 

 WAR OF T i 



Summary of Losses and Gains. In both t In- 

 firm an.l srroiul wars Hulnnria bore the brunt 

 of the fighting, lost more soldiers and spent 

 more money than any other of the Balkan 

 countries, while Greece and Montenegro, in 

 proportion to their expenditure of money and 



Outline and Questions on 

 the Balkan Wars 



I. The Flrnt War 



(1) Far-reaching causes 



(a) Turkish domination In the 



peninsula 



(b) Failure to suppress race con- 



sciousness 



(c) Prevention by European pow- 



ers of division according to 

 nationality 



(2) Immediate causes 



(a) Bulgarian assumption of in- 



dependence 



(b) Annexation of Bosnia and 



Herzegovina by Austria 



(c) Oppression of Albania 



(d) Turko-Italian War 



(3) League of the Balkan states 



(4) The actual struggle 



(a) Defeat of Turks at Klrk- 



Kilisse and Lule Burgas 



(b) Capture of Saloniki 



(c) Unsuccessful peace proposals 



(d) Resumption of hostilities 



I. Capture of Janina, Adrian- 



ople and Scutari 



(5) The treaty 



(a) Loss of nearly all of Turkish 



territory in Europe 



(b) Independence of Albania 



(c) Territorial additions to Serbia, 



Bulgaria and Greece 



II. The Second War 



(1) Jealousy among the allies 



(a) Serbian resentment at Bul- 

 garian claims 



(2) Greece, Serbia, Rumania and 



Montenegro join against Bul- 

 garia 



(3) Bulgarian submission 



(4) Results 



(a) Bulgarian loss of territory 



(b) Turkey regains Adrianople 



III. International EftVrtu 



( 1 ) No settlement of Eastern Question 



( 2 ) Increased antagonism among 



states 



(3) One of causes leading to War of 



the Nations 



Questions 



What other war was a determining 

 cause of the first Balkan War? 



What three strongholds were taken 

 by the allies in the second struggle? 



In what way would Bulgaria have 

 D better off if It had not brought on 

 the second war? 



H.-W lil the Balkan states manage 

 to retain tholr rare consciousness 

 thnitiKh ronturlea of subjoctlon? 



were the Turks defeated with 

 such ease In the first struggle? 



What was S. -it. la's nrl.-vanrr .-mains! 



HulKnrla nt the close of the first war? 

 What was the result to Turkey of the 



Is the "Eastern Question"? 

 What Interest did Russia have In th> 



I'.alK.ui QU. ti.m" 



I nut tli.- Hi-t peace con- 

 s.ttl.- mattrrs at tho close Of 



At the end of the second, which state 

 ived the largest increase In area? 

 In population? 



