BALTIMORE 562 



width is 400 miles. Including gulfs and bays, 

 its coastline measures nearly 5,000 miles. Ex- 

 tensions are formed on the north and east by 

 the gulfs of Riga, Finland and Bothnia. 



More than 250 rivers flow into the Baltic; 

 this fact, in connection with its small outlet, 

 makes its water much less salt than that of the 

 ocean. The narrow straits of the Great Belt, 

 Little Belt, the Sound, the Skagerrack and 

 Cattegat give access to the ocean, and the Kiel 

 Canal connects the Baltic and the North Sea. 

 A chain of islands guards the entrance to the 

 Gulf of Riga and the Aland Archipelago forms 

 a barrier across the mouth of the Gulf of 

 Bothnia. The trade of the Baltic is consid- 

 erable but is interrupted in its northern por- 

 tions by ice during winter. The principal har- 

 bors are at Copenhagen, Kiel, Danzig, Memel, 

 Riga, Kronstadt and Stockholm. 



At the opening of the War of the Nations 

 in 1914, the Baltic Sea became the scene of a 

 struggle between the German and Russian 

 navies. The port of Riga was heavily bom- 

 barded by the Germans in August, 1915, but 

 it was not captured until 1918. 



BALTIMORE 



BALTIMORE, SIR GEORGE CALVERT, Lord 

 (1580-1632), an English statesman, to whom 

 King Charles I granted the right to found the 

 colony of Maryland. He became secretary of 

 state to James I in 1619, but six years later, 

 having declared himself a Roman Catholic, 

 resigned his position and thereafter gave all 

 of his attention to the work of colonizing in 

 the New World. It was Lord Baltimore's de- 

 sire to establish a colony where his Roman 

 Catholic countrymen would be free from per- 

 secution. He had founded a small settlement 

 in Newfoundland in 1621, but the unfavor- 

 able climate led him to give up the enterprise. 

 Charles I, who came to the throne in 1625, 

 was friendly to him, and in 1631 granted him 

 a tract of land in Virginia north and east of 

 the Potomac. Before the charter was signed, 

 Lord Baltimore died, and the charter rights 

 passed to his son Cecilius Calvert, the second 

 Lord Baltimore, who founded the colony that 

 was named Maryland in honor of Henrietta 

 Maria, queen of Charles I. The successes and 

 discouragements that beset the new colony are 

 told in the article MARYLAND. 



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S^ T H E C ENTER OF BALT I MORE 7 



ALTIMORE, MD., the largest city 

 of the state and the seventh city in the United 

 States in population. It is noted as a great 

 commercial and industrial center, as an impor- 

 tant seaport and coaling station, and as the 

 leading oyster market in the world. It is sit- 

 uated in the north central part of the state, 

 at the head of navigation on the Patapsco 

 River, fourteen miles from Chesapeake Bay. 

 Washington, D. C., is thirty-eight miles south- 

 west, and Philadelphia is ninety-seven miles 

 northeast. Below the city the river widens 

 sufficiently to form a harbor and an outer bay 

 beyond, which are capable of accommodating 

 the largest ocean steamships. This port is 

 regularly visited by nineteen steamship lines, 

 including trans-Atlantic lines. There is an 

 extensive coastwise trade, and bay craft of 

 many kinds bring to the city large quantities 

 of sea food and fruits. Railway transporta- 



tion is provided by the Pennsylvania; Balti- 

 more & Ohio; Western Maryland; Maryland 

 & Pennsylvania; and Maryland, Delaware & 

 Virginia railroads. In common with most sea- 

 ports, Baltimore has a mixed population, which 

 increased from 558,485 in 1910 to 584,605 in 

 1915. Negroes comprise about one-sixth of 

 this number; Germans and Irish predominate 

 in the foreign element. 



Location. The city is irregularly divided by 

 Jones' Falls, a stream which has its source at 

 springs twenty miles north and flows 500,000 

 gallons per day. The construction of more 

 than twenty arches across this stream in the 

 city proper has converted it into a highway 

 called the Fallsway. One of these, constructed 

 of white marble, between the stations of the 

 Pennsylvania Railway and the Baltimore & 

 Ohio, is a beautiful engineering triumph. The 

 section east of the Falls along the harbor con- 



