BARBOUR 590 



They had certain very definite ideas in com- 

 mon, however, and these ideas they succeeded 

 in making central in much of modern art. 

 Firet of all, tluy insisted that every picture, 

 whether it represented a landscape, a scene 

 from peasant life, or a group of cattle, must he 

 painted directly from nature ; and second, they 

 believed that every picture must express the 

 artist's mood. 



Some of the greatest of French artists were 

 Barbizon painters, for Rousseau, Corot, Dau- 

 bigny, Troyon and Millet were numbered 

 among them. Millet's peasant-life paintings 

 stand as models of what that sort of art can 

 accomplish; Troyon 's cattle pictures have 

 never been surpassed; and Corot's misty land- 

 scapes still hold their charm for artists and the 

 public. American artists were especially influ- 

 enced by the Barbizon principles, and Inness, 

 the foremost landscape painter of the United 

 States, is almost as typical a Barbizon painter 

 as if he had belonged to the group. See PAINT- 

 ING. 



BARBOUR, RALPH HENRY (1870- ), a 

 popular American author of bright" and enter- 

 taining stories for boys. He was born in Cam- 

 bridge, Mass., and began his education for the 

 writing profession at the age of nineteen, as a 

 reporter for a Boston paper. Later he was 

 associated with a paper in Denver, Colo. Bar- 

 bour has written short stories and poems for 

 magazines under the pen name of "Richard 

 Still man Powell," but is best known through his 

 narratives for boys and about boys, published 

 under his own name. Most of these deal with 

 school life and sports, as suggested by the titles 

 The Halfback, Captain of the Crew, On Your 

 Mark, Winning His Y, The Junior Trophy-, etc. 

 His stories are full of life and action, are writ- 

 ten in a clear and popular style, and are clean 

 and wholesome reading for young people. 



BARCELONA, bahrselo'na, the most im- 

 portant commercial center and a seaport of 

 Spain, is situated on the Mediterranean coast. 

 It is the capital of the province of the same 

 name, and after Madrid is the finest city in the 

 kingdom. Barcelona is divided into the upper 

 and lower town; the former is modern and 

 attractive, many of the houses being built of 

 hewn stone; the latter is old, irregular and 

 brick-built. On a hill in the center of the old 

 town stands the imposing cathedral, dating 

 from the sixteenth century and one of the finest 

 examples of Gothic architecture. The principal 

 manufactures are cottons, silks, woolens, ma- 

 chinery, paper, chemicals, stoneware and soap. 



BAR HARBOR 



Manufactured products such as cotton, wine, 

 brandy, fruit and oil are the principal exports, 

 and coal, textile fabrics, machinery, cotton, fish. 

 hides, silks and timber are among the chief 

 imports. 



Barcelona was governed by its own count 

 until the twelfth century, but was united with 

 Aragon in 1151. In 1640, with the rest of Cata- 

 lonia of which it was formerly the capital it 

 placed itself under the French crown, and 

 twelve years later it submitted again to the 

 Spanish government. In 1697 it was taken by 

 the French, but was restored to Spain by the 

 terms of the Peace of Ryswick, in 1714. Pop- 

 ulation in 1910, including suburbs, 587,219. 



BARD, one of the poet singers who held so 

 important a place among the ancient Celtic 

 peoples, especially the Welsh and the Irish. 

 All through the Middle Ages, from the sixth 

 century, at least, the bards of Wales and of 

 Ireland had a large part not only in the liter- 

 ary life of their countries, but in their history. 

 They composed verses in honor of the heroic 

 deeds of princes or brave men, and these they 

 sang at court or at special festivals, generally 

 to the accompaniment of the harp. Naturally, 

 they acquired an immense hold on the people, 

 whom they could sway to peace or to war, 

 almost as they chose, and the kings of England 

 therefore looked upon them with great dis- 

 favor. In the thirteenth century Edward I, 

 anxious to make absolute the English rule in 

 Wales, decreed that all the Welsh bards were 

 to be hanged, and it is on this event that Gray 

 based his poem, The Bard. The Cambrian 

 Society, formed in Wales in 1818, has as its 

 purpose the preservation of the order of the 

 bards established centuries ago. 



The term is often used poetically to describe 

 any poet, as "Shakespeare, the Bard of Avon." 



BAREBONES PARLIAMENT, pahr'liment, 

 the name that was scornfully applied to the 

 "Little Parliament" summoned by Cromwell 

 in 1653, one of the most energetic members of 

 which was a Baptist tanner who had the strange 

 name of Praise-God Barebone. This parlia- 

 ment, which was made up of 140 men of Crom- 

 well's type, sat in session from July 4 to Decem- 

 ber 12, and, in spite of the ridicule it aroused, 

 has to its credit the passage of several wise 

 measures. Among these was the law providing 

 for the civil marriage celebration before a jus- 

 tice of the peace, and for civil marriage regis- 

 tration. See PARLIAMENT. 



BAR HARBOR, ME., a popular summer re- 

 sort on the east shore of Mount Desert, a large 



