BARN 



and grain. But in America it is frequently 

 also a stable for horses and cattle. 



remarkable progress of the last few 



years in methods of agriculture is prodm-ing 



radical changes in type and construction of 



barns. Many farmers build everything just as 



fathers and their grandfathers did, and 



sometimes difficult to convince them that 



any other way is better. Naturally the most 



me changes in barn architecture have 



been made by wealthy men for whom farming 



IB a diversion rather than an occupation, who 



employ archit. ~ign their buildings and 



who have little regard for expense. Many of 



the ideas which such men have developed have 



been found to be very practical, and, together 



with those improvements which the agricultural 



1- 'vised, are worthy the study of 



any progressive farmer. 



The Cow Barn. On large estates this a 

 separate structure but more commonly it is a 

 :on of a larger building. In the latter case 

 it is advisable to have it in a wing, so that it 

 may receive light from three directions. It 

 should be on the south side, for the sake of 

 winter sunshine and shelter from north winds. 

 Cleanliness is essential. For this reason floors 

 or interior walls of wood are very undesirable. 

 A wooden building may be covered on the 

 inside with metal lath and the lower four feet 

 of each wall plastered with a rich Portland 

 cement such as that with which floors are 

 finished. The balance of the wall may be 

 covered with hard plaster. All corners should 

 be rounded, and no dust-collecting ledges or 

 panels should be allowed in doors and windows. 

 Cement floors are the most sanitary; they 

 must be set in dry earth and sloped for drain- 

 age. Where cattle walk the floor should be 

 finished roughly, to prevent slipping. Hay and 

 feed must be kept where their dust cannot 

 reach the milking cows, and away from the 

 stable fumes. Light is such a valuable puri- 

 fying agent that there should be as many win- 

 dows as possible, though in summer they may 

 have to be covered with blinds to make the 

 stable unattractive to flies. Cement walls make 

 a room lighter than wooden walls, but their 

 cool surfaces repel the flies. 



Ventilation is extremely important. In the 

 system devised by Professor F. H. King of the 

 University of Wisconsin, there are galvanized 

 iron inlet pipes in the walls, which take air from 

 near the ground at the outside and admit it to 

 the stable near the ceiling. An outlet may be 

 built like a chimney, reaching from very near 



594 BARNACLE 



the floor to a number of feet above the peak 

 of the roof. It is covered over, but has plenty 

 of side openings into the outer air. As a 

 result of this system of ventilation the wannest 

 outdoor air in winter is admitted to the ceiling 

 and the heavi. of the stable are drawn 



off from the floor. For twenty cows the outlet 

 should be two feet square. 



The old-fashioned, high-boarded stall pre- 

 vents circulation of air, and the best stalls 

 have just one iron bar at each side. Concrete 

 is too cold for the floor of a stall, but a number 

 of things are considered better than wood, 

 among them cork bricks. 



The Horse Stable. Most of what has been 

 said about cow barns applies also to those for 

 horses, for whom cleanliness is as desirable if 

 not as necessary as for the milk-producing 

 animals. Windows in front of the horses should 

 be at least six and a half feet above the floor, 

 so that light will not shine in the animals' 

 eyes. Horses do not require as much warmth 

 in winter as cattle, so ventilation may often be 

 achieved with windows. 



The Hay Barn . In this structure few changes 

 have been made from the old-fashioned, gam- 

 brel-roof barn. The principal improvements 

 have been additions in ventilation and altera- 

 tions in framing so as to do away with beams 

 and posts. There should be vents in the roof, 

 under the eaves and at the ends of the barn, all 

 covered with galvanized iron netting to keep 

 out birds. In determining the size of a hay 

 barn, allow space for two tons of hay for each 

 animal. A ton of loose hay occupies 500 cubic 

 feet; a ton of baled hay may be put into 150 

 cubic feet. C.H.H. 



BARNABAS, bahr'nabas, a fellow worker 

 with Paul, and, like Paul, ranked as an Apostle. 

 Barnabas was the family name given to him, 

 his first name being Joseph. Luke makes the 

 name mean son of consolation. Barnabas was 

 known for his sweet spirit; "He was a good 

 man, and full of the Holy Ghost and of faith" 

 (Acts XI, 24). He accompanied Paul on his 

 first missionary journey, and they labored a 

 year together in Antioch, where the Disciples 

 were first called Christians. Little is known of 

 his later life. 



BARNACLE, bahr'nak'l, a tiny salt-water 

 shell-fish, related most nearly to the crab and 

 the shrimp. The barnacle shell has five impor- 

 tant valves and several smaller pieces, all 

 joined by a membrane. A muscular stalk, long, 

 flexible and fleshy, enables it to attach itself 

 to a quite smooth surface, and all timbers or 



