BARNARD 



Paris Salon. He received gold medals at the 

 Paris Exposition of 1900 and at the Pan-Amer- 

 ican Exposition of 1901, and was professor of 



BARNARD'S TWO NATURES 



sculpture in the Art Students' League. Of 

 recent years he has built in upper New York a 

 museum called "The Cloisters," plain and barn- 

 like without, but within a fit setting for one of 

 the finest collections of sculptures in the United 

 States. These, which are in large part of the 

 French Gothic period, he discovered during his 

 stay in France, excavating many of them him- 

 self. 



BAR'NARD, HENRY (1811-1900), an Amer- 

 ican schoolman, the first United States Com- 

 missioner of Education and the organizer of the 

 Bureau of Education, whose work as an educa- 

 tional reformer places him next in rank to 

 Horace Mann. He was born in Hartford, 

 Conn., was graduated at Yale, and began the 

 practice of law in 1835. While a member of 

 the Connecticut legislature he became inter- 

 ested in school reform, and his work along this 

 line attracted such attention that he was asked 

 to examine the public schools of Rhode Island. 

 After completely reorganizing the school sys- 

 tem of that state, he returned to Connecticut 

 to become superintendent of the state schools 

 and principal of the state normal school at 

 New Britain. 



From 1857 to 1859 he was president of the 

 University of Wisconsin, and in 1865 he became 

 the head of Saint John's College, Annapolis, 

 leaving the latter position in two years to 

 become the first Commissioner of Education of 

 the United States. Besides laying the founda- 



596 BARNUM 



tion for the Bureau of Education, he issued a 

 number of circulars of far-reaching influence. 

 Those treated of the educational land policy of 

 the United States, the constitutional provisions 

 for education in the several stairs, elementary 

 education, secondary education, I lie establish- 

 ing of high schools, of agricultural colleges and 

 of professional schools, and the training of 

 teachers. One series of these circulars com- 

 pared the educational system of the United 

 States with those of Switzerland and Prussia, 

 and contained recommendations for the reor- 

 ganization of the elementary schools in the 

 United States on the graded plan. These 

 recommendations contain the foundations of 

 the public-school system of the several states 

 as it exists to-day. 



BARNARD COLLEGE, a department of 

 Columbia University, New York City, consti- 

 tuting the university's undergraduate school for 

 women. President Barnard of Columbia, for 

 whom the college is named, tried in vain to 

 have Columbia made a coeducational institu- 

 tion; the new college was established to sup- 

 ply the need. There were no funds and no 

 promise of them, but the hopeful founders felt 

 certain that these would come when the school 

 had proved its worthiness, and their faith and 

 patience were justified. To-day Barnard has 

 buildings and grounds valued at $3,000,000, and 

 an endowment of $1,300,000, for most of which 

 it is indebted to women. It has approximately 

 900 students, to whom degrees are granted in 

 the name of Columbia University. The presi- 

 dent of Columbia is president ex officio of 

 Barnard, but the latter has its own board of 

 trustees and its own instructors. See COLUMBIA 

 UNIVERSITY. 



BARNUM, PHINEAS TAYLOR (1810-1891), an 

 American showman who made several fortunes 

 through his belief 

 that "the Amer- 

 ican people like 

 to be hum- 

 bugged." He was 

 not dishonest; he 

 frankly admitted 

 the character of 

 many things he 

 exhibited, but he 

 had early learned 

 that an air of 

 mystery thrown 



around an exhibit PHINEAS T ' BARNUM 

 increased the desire to view it. He was the son 

 of a tavern-keeper of Bethel, Conn., and from 



