BERLIN DECREE 



696 



BERLIOZ 



Russo-Turkish War of 1878 Russia gained the 

 power practically to dictate terms of peace to 

 Turkey, and the Treaty of San Stefano plainly 

 looked toward the annihilation of Turkey in 

 Europe. This roused the jealousy of the other 

 powers, and in June, 1878, representatives from 

 Germany, Austria, France, England, Italy, Rus- 

 sia and Turkey met at Berlin to modify the 

 objectionable terms. Seldom has a more illus- 

 trious body of statesmen met for any purpose, 

 and they did their work thoroughly, denying 

 Russia much which the Treaty of San Stefano 

 had conceded. 



That treaty had created Bulgaria and East- 

 ern Rumelia an independent state; however, 

 the Congress of Berlin allowed self-government 

 to Bulgaria, under Turkish auspices, but made 

 Eastern Rumelia merely a Turkish province. 

 Bosnia and Herzegovina remained nominally 

 under Turkish sovereignty, but Austria-Hun- 

 gary was made administrator of their affairs; 

 Montenegro, Serbia and Rumania were con- 

 firmed in their independence, and Great Britain 

 was made practical owner of Cypress. All in 

 all, the Congress of Berlin did much to make 

 the map of Europe what it remained through- 

 out the rest of the century. It was disturbed 

 but little until the Balkan Wars of 1912 and 

 1913, although in 1908 Bulgaria proclaimed 

 itself a sovereign state. 



BERLIN DECREE. See CONTINENTAL SYS- 

 TEM. 



BERLIN, N. H., noted for its large paper 

 mills, is situated in Coos County, about mid- 

 way between the geographical center and the 

 northern border of the state, on the Andros- 

 coggin River. Portland, Maine, is ninety-eight 

 miles southeast, and Manchester, N. H., is 175 

 miles south. Railway transportation is pro- 

 vided by the Boston & Maine and the Grand 

 Trunk lines. The first settlement was made 

 in 1827, and the city was incorporated in 1897. 

 The population increased from 11,780 in 1910 

 to 13,013 in 1914; more than 7,500 are French- 

 Canadians and 5,000 are Americans. The city 

 has an area of three and one-half square miles. 



Berlin is located in the heart of the White 

 Mountains, a region noted for wonderful moun- 

 tain scenery. The Androscoggin River has a 

 rapid descent here of nearly 200 feet in the 

 course of a mile, and while the falls contribute 

 greatly to the picturesque scenic effect they 

 also furnish power for manufacture. The city 

 has the largest sulphite-pulp mill in the United 

 States, the daily output being over 400 tons; 

 this product is a wood pulp used in making 



paper, the manufacture of which is so extensive 

 that the city is known locally as the Paper 

 City. There are also large lumber mills, knit- 

 ting mills, foundries and chemical plants. Ber- 

 lin has a city hall, recently built at a cost of 

 $100,000, a $125,000 Y. M. C. A. building, a 

 high school, a business college and a Carnegie 

 Library. 



BERLINER, ber'lener, EMILE (1851- ), 

 the inventor of the telephone transmitter, or 

 microphone, and of the method of reproducing 

 sound utilized in one style of talking machine. 

 He was born and educated in Germany, emi- 

 grated to the United States in 1870, and nine 

 years later became chief instrument inspector 

 for the Bell Telephone Company. In addition 

 to the microphone, invented in 1877, he dis- 

 covered several other means of improving the 

 telephone service, the patents for which are 

 held by the Bell Company. 



Berliner's inventions in connection with the 

 talking machine date from 1887. In the old- 

 style machine the sharp-pointed instrument, 

 known as the stylus, moved through a groove 

 of varying depth, and the reproduction of 

 sound was inaccurate and unsatisfactory. Ber- 

 liner conceived the idea of using for the record, 

 instead of a cylinder, a disk on which a hori- 

 zontal record of uniform depth but varying 

 direction should be cut. In reproducing the 

 sound the stylus, as the invention developed, 

 is guided only by the groove through which it 

 moves, and not by a feed screw as formerly. 

 He also invented and perfected the modern 

 method of making duplicates of disk records and 

 saw his prediction fulfilled that famous singers 

 would some day earn great sums of money 

 by having their voices recorded. The talking 

 machine company which owns his devices has 

 spent $500,000 in sustaining the patents. 



The air-cooled engine with revolving cylin- 

 ders, now used extensively on aeroplanes, is also 

 the invention of Berliner. 



BERLIOZ, bare lease', HECTOR (1803-1869), 

 one of the most intellectual and poetical com- 

 posers of music that France has ever produced. 

 He studied at the Paris Conservatory, where, in 

 1830, his Sardanapalus won first prize ex- 

 penses for foreign travel. Thereafter he gained 

 a wide reputation for the composition of so- 

 called program music, in which a story is realis- 

 tically expressed by the music; and for his 

 masterful work in the arrangement of orchestra 

 music, in which he laid the foundation for 

 Wagner, Liszt and Richard Strauss. His sym- 

 phonies, Harold in Italy and Romeo and 



