BIOLOGY 



727 



BIRCH 



MISCELLANEOUS 



Agrippina Lathrop, Julia C. 



Alden, John Leicester, Robert Dud- 

 Aspasia ley, Earl of 



Beatrice Portinari Lycurgus 



Beard, Daniel C. Maintenon, Franchise 

 Blennerhassett, Marquise de 



Harman Maria Louisa 



Blondel Marie Antoinette 



Boabdil Mercator, Gerard 



Boleyn, Anne Morgan, Sir Henry 



Bothwell, James Mother Shipton 



Hepburn Miiller, Friedrich Max 



Bridgman, Laura D. Miinchhausen, Baron 



Brummell, George Nana Sahib 



Bryan Octavia 



Buckingham, George Oglethorpe, James E. 



Villiers, Duke of Olmsted, Frederick L. 



Cade, John Origen 



Camp, Walter Orleans, Dukes of 



Carteret, Sir George Pankhurst, Emmeline 



Carver, John Paris, Count of 



Cassius Longinus Peter the Hermit 



Catiline Petrarch, Francesco 



Cenci, Beatrice Petrie, William M. F. 

 Corday d'Armont, Marie Pinchot, Gifford 



Anne Charlotte Pinkerton, Allan 



Corlolanus Pitman, Sir Isaac 



Cornelia Pompadour, Madame 



Coverdale, Miles Queensberry, Marquis of 



Crassus, Marcus Reichstadt, Duke of 



Licinius Ridley, Nicholas 



Crichton, James Riel, Louis 



Damocles Rienzi, Cola di 



Damon and Pythias Robin Hood 



Darling, Grace H. Rob Roy 



Dinwiddie, Robert Roland de la Platiere, 

 Du Barry, Marie Jeanne Madame 



Becu Rolfe, John 



Duns, John Rosamond 



Eaton, Margaret Schliemann, Heinrich 



O'Neill Selkirk, Alexander 



Erasmus, Desiderius Servetus, Michael 



Eugenie-Marie de Seymour, Horatio 



Montijo Shaw, Anna 



Eulenspiegel, Till Skeat, Walter William 



Faust, Johann Smith, John 



Fawkes, Guy Spartacus 



Force, Peter Standish, Miles 



Fra Diavolo Stradivarius, Antonio 



Frohman, Charles and Stuart, Charles Edward 



Daniel Tetzel, Johann 



Furnivall, F. J. Turner, Nat 



Gary, E. H. ' Van Home, Sir William 



Grey, Lady Jane ' C. 



Grotius, Hugo f Walker, William 



Hays, Charles M. Warbeck, Perkin 



Jahn, Frederich L. Warwick, Richard 

 John of Gaunt / Neville, Earl of 



Josephine, Marie Rose Washington, Martha 



Keller, Helen Adams Webster, Noah . 



Kidd, William White, Richard Grant 



Kneipp, Sebastian Xanthippe 

 Kropotkin, Peter A., 



Prince 



^ BIOLOGY, byol'oji, from two Greek words 

 meaning lije and speech or discourse, is an old 

 subject, but a modern word, for it seems to 



have been used only since the beginning of the 

 nineteenth century. It means, as is clear 

 enough from its origin, the study of lije, whether 

 plant or animal, but the wqrd is used in some- 

 what varying senses. Thus botany, zoology, 

 ethnology, physiology, as well as other branches 

 all those sciences which deal with living 

 things as distinguished from the non-living 

 things in which geology, astronomy and physics 

 interest themselves are a part of biology. 



Related Subjects. All the articles listed un- 

 der botany , zoology, physiology and kindred 

 sciences really fall within the scope of biology ; 

 but the following list contains those topics which 

 are too broad to be classified under any one 

 branch, and so belong to biology as a whole : 



Acclimatization Hybrid 



Albino Man 



Assimilation Metamorphosis 



Atavism Morphology 



Biogenesis Natural Selection 



Cell Order 



Death Parasites 



Degeneration Protoplasm 



Dwarf Reproduction 



Evolution Species 



Fibrin Spontaneous Generation 



Genus Variety 



BIRCH, the name of all trees belonging to 

 the birch family, found widely spread in North 

 America, Europe and Northern Asia. In gen- 

 eral, birches may be distinguished by their 

 smooth bark arranged in horizontal layers and 

 thin, delicate, triangular leaves, which usually 

 turn yellow late in autumn. The flowers appear 

 before the leaves, and are in long clusters which 

 hang downwards. The fruit is a small, scaly 

 cone, and the seed is flat and winged (see SEEDS, 

 subhead Seed Dispersal). The birch is a hardy 

 tree, and only one or two other trees can live 

 in so cold a climate as it can endure. 



Canoe Birch, or Paper Birch, also called 

 WHITE BIRCH. This tree is easily recognized by 

 its yellowish-white bark, which is easily sepa- 

 rated into thin layers. It reaches a height of 

 sixty to eighty feet, has a few erect, large 

 branches and many small horizontal ones. It 

 is the bark of this tree that 'was used by the 

 Indians in making canoes, and they still employ 

 it for making ornaments and small baskets 

 which they sell to tourists. Ladies visiting the 

 northern woods collect it for stationery, for 

 writing can be put upon the thin bark. This 

 birch is found throughout North America from 

 the Arctic Circle southward as far as Long 

 Island. A variety of the white birch, known 

 as the weeping birch, is common throughout 

 Scotland and England. 



