BOLOGNA 802 



when the bolb that have fallen on the ground 

 dry or rot as a result of the frost, the adult 

 insects, called weevils, leave them and seek 

 shelter under the rubbish of the field or among 



BOLTON 



THE ATTACK OF THE BOLL. WEEVIL 

 the vegetation of the roadside or in the adjoin- 

 ing woods, where they remain until the follow- 

 ing spring. 



Methods of Combating Its Ravages. The 

 United States Department of Agriculture has 

 conducted experiments to discover the best 

 means of ridding the country of the boll weevil 

 or checking its ravages. Below are given some 

 of the chief methods recommended: 



The field ought to be cleaned In the fall by 

 uprooting the stalks of the old plant, collecting 

 with them the fallen bolls and burning them. 

 This Is a very important step, for it destroys all 

 the insects and larvae that have accumulated 

 there. Then the field ought to be plowed deep 

 in the fall and prepared during the winter for 

 an early crop. This can be done by planting 

 early maturing varieties, and by fertilizing 

 when necessary. 



Recent Researches. In 1913 a new variety of 

 the typical boll weevil was discovered. This 

 attacks the so-called Arizona wild cotton, a 

 cotton-like plant, which grows in a number of 

 mountain ranges in Southeastern Arizona, and 

 also in parts of Mexico and New Mexico. This 

 western variety of the boll weevil has adapted 

 itself to life under extremely arid conditions, in 

 which respect it differs greatly from the typical 

 boll weevil. It therefore appears that the 

 western weevil might thrive in the drier por- 

 tions of Texas, where the typical weevil has not 

 been able to establish itself. 



It has also been discovered that the boll 

 weevil is able to feed and develop on plants 

 other than cotton, especially on all the numer- 

 ous species belonging to the mallow family. 

 This discovery may have important results as 

 regards the methods to be used for the exter- 

 mination of these pests. See COTTON. W.F.R. 



BOLOGNA, bo lohn' yah, an ancient seat of 

 learning in Italy, possessing one of the oldest 

 and most famous universities in the world (see 

 below), now "also an important modern indus- 

 trial center, capital of the province of the 



same name. On account of its university, 

 founded as early as 1088, Bologna was formerly 

 spoken of as The Learned City; later, on ac- 

 count of its democratic principles, it was styled 

 The Free, and in more modern times its beauti- 

 ful climate and fruitful soil earned for it the 

 name of The Fertile. Although the inhabitants 

 are progressive and industrious, the city, with 

 narrow and crooked streets, still maintains a 

 medieval appearance. One of its most striking 

 features is the system of arcades, extending far 

 in all directions on each side of the street. On 

 these arcades the shops open. 



Bologna might well be called the city of 

 churches, as it has 130 dating from the early 

 part of the eleventh century down to recent 

 years. Of the 180 leaning towers which orna- 

 mented the city in the Middle Ages, only two, 

 dating from about 1110, now remain; these are 

 among the most conspicuous objects of the 

 city. The art treasures of Bologna are world 

 renowned; the most famous of its pictures is 

 Raphael's Saint Cecilia, painted for the Church 

 of Saint Giovanni in 1515. 



The city has important manufactures of silks, 

 velvet, chemicals, paper, and a sausage widely 

 known as Bologna. Population in 1911, 172,639. 



University of Bologna. This is one of the 

 oldest and most famous universities of the 

 world. Among its most celebrated students 

 were Dante, Petrarch and Tasso. Its continuous 

 existence is known to date from the early part 

 of the eleventh century, but it had had a 

 periodic existence for several hundred years 

 prior to that time. The influence of the uni- 

 versity upon the civil and ecclesiastical organi- 

 zation of Europe during the Middle Ages was 

 marked, and it also became prominent at an 

 early day in scientific investigations and dis- 

 coveries. It was here that Galvani made his 

 discovery, which led to what was later known 

 as galvanic 'electricity (see ELECTRICITY). The 

 university admits women as students and has a 

 number of women on its faculty. 



BOLTON, bole' ton, or BOLTON-LE- 

 MOORS, a manufacturing town of Lancashire, 

 England, ten miles northwest of Manchester, 

 on the River Croal. It is one of the most im- 

 portant centers of the cotton industry, employ- 

 ing more than 20,000 workmen in its factories 

 and containing some of the largest cotton mills 

 in the world. Bolton was the home of Ark- 

 wright (which see), whose inventions revolu- 

 tionized the spinning industries. All public 

 utilities, including street railways, electric light, 

 gas works, water works, markets and slaughter 





