BONEBLACK 



810 



BONIFACE 



and in a few weeks, ordinarily, the bone will 

 be as good as ever. Dr. Alexis Carrel, in his 

 successful experiments in limb grafting, has 

 shown that bones can be grafted upon each 

 other. The bones of the aged are more brittle 

 than those of the young and are more easily 

 broken. They are also more difficult to heal. 



Used as Fertilizer. The mineral matter in 

 bones, comprising lime and phosphates, makes 

 excellent fertiliser. The animal matter is first 

 removed by burning the bones or boiling them ; 

 either process accomplishes the desired result, 

 but by boiling less of the mineral matter is 

 lost. The bones are then ground to powder, 

 and the latter is treated by chemical processes 

 to make all the contained minerals soluble in 

 water. 



Subjects. The following articles will 



be found interesting and helpful in connection 

 with this topic: 

 Ann Hand 



Carrel. Alexis Joints 



Cartilage Lymphatics 



Fertilizer Pelvis 



Foot Skeleton 



BONEBLACK, IVORY BLACK, or ANIMAL 

 CHARCOAL, is the charcoal obtained by heat- 

 ing bones in closed iron retorts until the ani- 

 mal matter is burned. The bones are reduced 

 to small, coarse grains; these are then ground 

 to a fine powder, which forms the boneblack 

 of commerce. Boneblack will absorb the col- 

 oring of liquids that pass through it, conse- 

 quently it is extensively used in refining sugar 

 and in removing the coloring matter from 

 syrup (see SUGAR). It will also absorb odors 

 and is sometimes used to remove disagreeable 

 smells from clothing and houses. 



BONHEUR, bo 

 nur', ROSA (1822- 

 1899), a famous 

 French artist, 

 whose spirited re- 

 productions of 

 animal life have 

 given her repute 

 as the greatest 

 woman painter of 

 animals. She was 

 baptized Marie 

 Rosalie, but has 

 always been 

 known as Rosa. 

 She painted from 

 early girlhood. When she was nineteen years 

 of age her Rabbits Eating Carrots was dis- 

 played in the annual Paris exhibition known 



ROSA BONHEUR 



as the Salon. Thereafter until 1855 her pic- 

 tures were exhibited each year, and in 1848 she 

 was awarded a medal of the first class. In 

 1865 Empress Eugenie honored her with the 

 cross of the Legion of Honor. 



In order to study animals at close range 

 she practiced for a time in various slaughter- 

 houses on the outskirts of Paris. Her canvases 

 are remarkable for the truthfulness shown in 

 the representation not only of the animals 

 painted, but of the landscape setting of the pic- 

 tures. The drawing and composition are like- 

 wise excellent, but the color is somewhat hard 

 and she was only moderately successful in 

 giving her pictures an effective atmosphere. 



Possibly the most admired of her canvases is 

 the great Horse Fair, which gives an extraor- 

 dinary representation of struggle and action. 

 This was bought by Cornelius Vanderbilt for 

 S55,000 and presented to the Metropolitan Art 

 Museum of New York City, where it now 

 hangs. Plowing in the Nivernais, one of her 

 best pictures, is now in the Louvre, Paris, 

 which also possesses her Haymaking Season in 

 Auvergne. The Deer in the Forest, A Limier- 

 Briquet Hound and Weaning the Calves are 

 in the Metropolitan Museum, and her Deer 

 Drinking is in the New York Lenox Library. 

 The Shepherd of the Pyrenees is reproduced 

 here. 



BONESET, bone' set, or THOROUGHWORT , 

 tho'rowert, a useful annual plant, found in 

 meadows and lowlands of the United States 

 and Canada. It is easily recognized by its 

 tall stem, four or five feet in height, passing 

 through the middle of a large, double, hairy 

 leaf; and especially by its rayless flower-heads 

 in loose, flat tops. It is about the only white 

 blossom appearing among the gay, late sum- 

 mer colors. It is much used in medicine as a 

 tonic and for causing perspiration. The name 

 thoroughwort refers to the appearance of the 

 union of the exactly opposite leaves. 



BON 'IF ACE, the name of nine Popes, three 

 of whom are of special historic importance. 



Boniface II (530-532) was the first Pope to 

 assume the title of Universal Bishop of Chris- 

 tendom, the head of the Church having been 

 known up to that time as Bishop of Rome. 



Boniface VIII (1294-1303) was the most 

 famous Pope of the name. Two edicts showed 

 clearly his opinion as to the place the Church 

 should hold in the life of the day. The first 

 of these was the Clericis Laicis, issued in 1296, 

 which forbade the payment or collection of 

 taxes on Church property without the consent 



