BOOTH 



837 



BOOTS AND SHOES 



schools. He took an active part in the work 

 of the Army from the time he was eighteen, 

 and in 1880 he was appointed chief of the staff. 

 In 1896 his younger brother, Ballington, left the 

 Salvation Army to form a separate organiza- 

 tion, and thereafter General Booth relied upon 

 his son Bramwell more and more for advice 

 and cooperation, and named him in his will 

 as his choice for the position of commanding 

 officer. 



Ballington Booth (1859- ), second son of 

 William Booth, and the eventual organizer of 

 the Volunteers of America, was born in Lon- 

 don. In 1886 he married Maud Charlesworth, 

 and the following year they were sent to Amer- 

 ica to take charge of the Salvation Army work 

 in the United States and Canada. Because of 

 a disagreement with General Booth concerning 

 methods to be followed, they left the Army in 

 1896 and founded the new organization above 

 named. The general methods of the Volun- 

 teers of America are similar to those of the 

 Salvation Army, but the Volunteers make a 

 special effort to work with the various churches. 

 Ballington Booth is an eloquent speaker, and 

 is the author of From Ocean to Ocean. 



Maud Ballington Charlesworth Booth (1865- 

 ), wife of Ballington Booth, was born near 

 London, the daughter of a wealthy clergyman 

 of the Church of England. At the age of 

 seventeen she went to Paris with Miss Cath- 

 erine Booth, a daughter of General Booth, and 

 they organized a branch of the Salvation Army 

 in that city. Two years later she accompanied 

 a band of workers to Switzerland, where her 

 zeal and activity caused her to suffer imprison- 

 ment. After her marriage to Ballington Booth 

 she took her husband's rank of marshal and 

 was his co-worker in the organization - of the 

 Volunteers of America. She is known through- 

 out the United States for her helpful service 

 in behalf of prisoners, both before and after 

 their release. Several homes, each called Hope 

 Hall, are maintained in large cities as first 

 refuge of released convicts. Like her husband, 

 she is a forceful public speaker. Her writings 

 include, Branded, Look Up and Hope, Sleepy 

 Time Stones, After Prison What? and Twi- 

 light Fairy Talcs. 



Frederick Saint George de Latour Booth- 

 Tucker (1853- ), who succeeded Ballington 

 Booth in the leadership of the Salvation Army 

 in the United States, was born in Bengal, 

 India. He was educated for the civil service of 

 British India, and held positions in the Punjab 

 until 1881, when he resigned to join the Salva- 



tion Army. In 1882 he established the Army 

 work in India and took charge of it until 1891, 

 in that year becoming foreign secretary of the 

 Salvation Army headquarters in London. In 

 1888 he married Emma Ross Booth, a daughter 

 of William Booth, and at that time added the 

 name of Booth to his own name, Tucker. 



On the withdrawal of Ballington Booth from 

 the Salvation Army in 1896, Booth-Tucker took 

 charge of the work in the United States, serving 

 with conspicuous ability until 1904, in which 

 year he resumed his work at the London head- 

 quarters of the Army. In 1907 he returned to 

 India as special commissioner for India and 

 Ceylon. His writings include Life of General 

 William Booth, Favorite Songs of the Salva- 

 tion Army and Farm Colonies of the Salvation 

 Army. B.M.W. 



BOOTS AND SHOES. In the far-distant 

 past of human history our ancestors became 

 aware that travel with unprotected feet was 

 a painful matter. Probably as soon as they 

 reached the stage of using weapons or tools of 



/ HEAD 



SHOULDER 



BEND _,. 



"""BELLY" 



QUALITIES OF LEATHER 

 The skin on the bend is the firmest part ; the 

 shoulder, head and belly next, in order. 



any kind they looked about for means of cover- 

 ing their feet. The animals which provided 

 them with food were made to render still 

 further service. From their skins, garments 

 to protect the body were made, and it was 

 but a very natural step forward when, from 

 skins of the same kind, strips were torn and 

 wrapped around the feet. Such was prob- 

 ably the origin of the first foot covering, from 

 which was evolved the sandal, the earliest form 

 of shoe of which we have knowledge. The 

 sandal was merely a piece of untanned skin, 

 covering the sole of the foot only and tied 

 above by thongs. As the sandal became a 

 thoroughly established article of wear it was 

 naturally improved, and fashion, even in re- 

 mote times, decreed the manner of its con- 

 struction (see illustration in article FOOT). 

 Covering for the sole was not found sufficient 

 for all purposes, so the boot was gradually 

 evolved. 



