BORE 



841 



BORGIA 



In the general election of 1908 Borden re- 

 gained his seat for Halifax, and the Conserva- 

 tive representation from Nova Scotia, which 

 had disappeared in 1904, now numbered six. 

 Thus strengthened in his native province, Bor- 

 den continued to lead the opposition in the 

 House of Commons until 1911. In the elec- 

 tions of that year all other issues were grad- 

 ually subordinated to that of reciprocity with 

 the United States, a policy which Borden vig- 

 orously opposed, for patriotic, rather than eco- 

 nomic, reasons. As the elections resulted in 

 a decisive victory for the Conservatives, Bor- 

 den was naturally called upon to form a 

 ministry; which took office on October 10, 1911. 

 In 1912 Borden was appointed to the Imperial 

 Privy Council, and in 1914 was created Knight 

 Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Michael 

 and Saint George (G. C. M. G.). He is a force- 

 ful, convincing, logical speaker, but lacking in 

 the fire of the orator and the lightness 'of the 

 politician. G.H.L. 



For the record of the Borden ministry see 

 CANADA, subtitle History of Canada. 



BORE, the name of a tidal wave which 

 rushes up the estuary of a river or a narrow 

 arm of the sea at spring tide. It varies from 

 three to ten feet in height, moves with irre- 

 sistible force and wears away the banks and 

 bed of a stream. Vessels sometimes find it 

 impossible to make headway against its strong 

 current. Some of the places where this wave 

 is especially prominent are the Bay of Fundy, 

 the Amazon River, the estuaries of the Seine, 

 and the Severn and the Dee rivers. See TIDES. 



BOREAS, bo' re as, in Greek and Roman 

 myths, one of the six sons of Aeolus, god of 

 the storms and winds, and of Eos (Aurora), 

 goddess of the dawn. Boreas personified the 

 north wind; in classic writings he is called 

 boisterous and blustering, and is regarded as 

 the type of rudeness, in contrast to his young- 

 est brother Zephyrus, the west wind, who is 

 the type of gentleness. The origin of the term 

 zephyr, applied to mild breezes, is thus ex- 

 plained. Aeolus sometimes sent his sons forth 

 with orders to stir up terrible storms on the 

 sea; the part that Boreas had in this gigantic 

 frolic of the gods is picturesquely described by 

 Lucan, a Roman poet: 



The curling surges loud conflicting meet, 

 Dash their proud heads, and bellow as they beat ; 

 While piercing Boreas, from the Scythian strand, 

 Plows up the waves and scoops the lowest sand. 



It is told by the myth writers that Boreas 

 loved the nymph Orithyia, but that he could 



not woo her successfully, because it was so 

 difficult to breathe gently and to sigh was 

 quite out of the question. Finally, in despair, 

 he seized her and bore her away to far-distant 

 regions of snow and ice, where she became his 

 wife. They were the parents of two sons and 

 two daughters. The former, Zetes and Calais, 

 were winged warriors who took part in the 

 expedition of the Argonauts (which see). 



The use of the term Boreas as a symbol of 

 the north wind occurs frequently in modern 

 literature, as in the familiar line of Burns: 

 "Cauld Boreas, wi' his boisterous crew." See 

 AEOLUS. 



BORGHESE , bor ga ' ze, a celebrated aristo- 

 cratic family of Italy, originally of Sienna and 

 later of Rome. In the latter city was born 

 Camillo Borghese (1550-1620), who was elected 

 Pope as Paul V in the year 1605. 



Prince Camillo (1775-1832) was another well- 

 known member of the family. In 1803 he mar- 

 ried Pauline, the sister of Napoleon, and three 

 years later, having received the title Duke of 

 Guastalla, was appointed governor of the prov- 

 inces of Piedmont and Genoa. After the fall 

 of Napoleon he broke off all connection with 

 the Bonaparte family, separated from his wife 

 and retired to Florence, where he died. 



The Borghese Palace, the town residence of 

 the Borghese family, is one of the finest build- 

 ings in Rome. It was begun in 1590, completed 

 in 1607, and at one time contained a valuable 

 collection of art treasures. These were sold at 

 public auction in 1892 by Prince Paolo Bor- 

 ghese; at the same time the important family 

 records were acquired for the Vatican by Pope 

 Leo XIII. The palace still possesses, however, 

 a famous collection of paintings, numbering 

 nearly six hundred. Among these are a Ma- 

 donna by Botticelli; four paintings by Raphael, 

 including the Burial of Jesus; Titian's Sacred 

 and Profane Love, and Correggio's Danae. 



BORGIA, bor' ja, an Italian family of Span- 

 ish origin, prominent in the fifteenth and six- 

 teenth centuries, whose most powerful members 

 established a reputation for wickedness and 

 treachery. The first to gain prominence was 

 ALFONSO BORGIA, who became Pope as Calixtus 

 III in 1455. His nephew, RODRIGO BORGIA, was 

 elevated to the Papacy in 1492 as Alexander VI. 

 While Cardinal he became the father of a 

 large family whose most notorious members 

 were Cesare and Lucrezia. 



Cesare, or Caesar, Borgia (1457-1507) was the 

 favorite son of his father, whose power aided 

 him in his career. He was clever, but seemed 



