BORGLUM 



SllZ 



BORNEO 



without conscience. He attempted to establish 

 an hereditary monarchy in Central Italy, but 

 his methods were so unscrupulous and gained 

 him so many powerful enemies that upon the 

 death of his father, in 1503, his ambition failed 

 completely. After two years' imprisonment 

 in Spain, he escaped to the king of Navarre, in 

 whose service he was killed in battle in 1507. 



Lucrezia Borgia (1480-1519), the sister of 

 Cesare, was a woman of great beauty and 

 charm, but in her early years she was as wicked 

 as beautiful. Her first marriage was annulled; 

 her second husband was murdered by Cesare. 

 After becoming the wife of the Duke of Ter- 

 rara her life was above reproach. She was a 

 patron of learning and the arts. 



BORGLUM, bawr'glum, GUTZON (1867- ), 

 one of the foremost American sculptors, whose 

 work is noted for its power, its simplicity and 

 its half-concealed disregard for convention. He 

 shows strongly the influence of Rodin (which 

 see), and, like 

 Rodin, reveals 

 imagination 

 through a splen- 

 did technique. 

 He has also v. 

 distinction as a " 

 painter, but in 

 later years has 

 deserted the 

 palette for the 

 chisel. 



Borglum was 

 born of Danish 

 parents who had 

 settled in Idaho. After a brief period of study- 

 ing in San Francisco, he spent a number of years 

 in Paris and London. Since 1902 New York has 

 been his home, and his most important pieces 

 of sculpture are in the United States. Among 

 them are Mares of Diomedes in the Metropoli- 

 tan Museum, New York ; a series of statues for 

 the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine in the 

 same city; the colossal head of Lincoln in the 

 rotunda of the Capitol at Washington, D. C.; 

 the imposing seated figure of Lincoln in 

 Newark, N. J.; the statues of Philip Sheridan 

 and James Smithson in Washington and the 

 statue of John P. Altgeld in Chicago. 



Borglum's great work is as yet unfinished. 

 Plans were completed in 1915 for the trans- 

 formation of Stone Mountain, sixteen miles 

 from Atlanta, Ga., into a great Confederate 

 Memorial a '.'memorial to a movement," in 

 Borglum's own words (see STONE MOUNTAIN). 



GUTZON BORGLUM 



Across the face of the mountain will be carved 

 a frieze 2,000 feet long and fifty feet high. The 

 great leaders of the South will appear as a 

 group of fifty or sixty horsemen, before whom 

 march the main body of the army. The figures 

 will all be cut in full relief, in such a way as 

 to give the impression of an army moving over 

 the mountain. The plans also call for a colon- 

 nade of thirteen columns, one for each of the 

 Confederate states, and for a great hall, all 

 to be cut in the solid rock of the mountain. 

 The work will probably be completed in 1924 

 and will cost about $2,000,000. 



His brother, SOLON BORGLUM (1868- ), 

 also a distinguished sculptor, has perpetuated 

 in stone and bronze the life of the western 

 frontier. Cowboys, rdnchmen, Indians and 

 especially horses are his favorite subjects. Un- 

 like that of his brother, his work shows practi- 

 cally no foreign influence. 



BORING MACHINES, for making holes in 

 all sorts of materials, vary from simple hand 

 instruments to complex, power-driven devices. 

 Among the former the awl acts on the principle 

 of a nail, pushing its way directly in, while 

 the auger and gimlet resemble the screw. A 

 bit and brace is provided with a handle called 

 the brace, which may be held upright with one 

 hand and turned with the other so that the 

 bit, or removable cutter, bites into the material 

 to be pierced. 



Boring instruments for piercing stone and 

 metal are called drills. These are of many 

 kinds, and are usually operated by steam, elec- 

 tricity or compressed air. In boring small holes 

 in rocks for blasting purposes a steel drill some- 

 what like a chisel is used, the head of the drill 

 being struck by a heavy hammer. In all boring 

 operations requiring a deep hole a diamond 

 drill is used. This consists of a hollow steel 

 cylinder on the end of a shaft which is turned 

 by steam or electric power. The actual cutting 

 is done by black diamond teeth, which bite into 

 the rock and remove a core, which is brought 

 to the surface in the cylinder. 



For boring holes in steel plates, bridge girders 

 and other iron and steel structures, tools oper- 

 ated by compressed air are much employed. 

 The air is directed from a supply tank through 

 rubber tubes to the tool, which works with 

 great rapidity and with but little waste of 

 power. See COMPRESSED AIR. 



BORNEO, bawr' ne o, the third largest island 

 in the world, only Greenland and New Guinea 

 exceeding it in size, is situated southeast of 

 Asia in the Malay Archipelago. It is about 400 



