BOTFLY 



864 



which has grown very rapidly since the begin- 

 ning of the twentieth century, with results 

 which look to the uninitiated like miracle- 

 working, is plant-breeding. By it the culti- 

 vation of many plants has been practically 

 revolutionized, and others which were once of 

 no commercial value whatever have been made 

 useful members of the plant world (see BUB- 

 BANK, LUTHER). See, also, PLANT. M.S. 



Consult Bergen's Botany; Bergen and Cald- 

 well's Botany; Gray's How Plants Grow; Barnes' 

 Outline* of Plant Life; Hodge's Nature Study 

 and Life; Coulter's Elementary Studies in 

 Botany. 



Related Subject*. These volumes contain 

 articles on hundreds of plants, and these are 

 till classified and Indexed under the articles on 

 the following topics: 



Plant subheads 

 Creepers 

 Desert Plants 

 Forage Plants 

 Shrubs 



Tropical Plants 

 Unclassified 

 Seaweed 

 Spice 

 Trees 

 Vegetables 

 Water Plants 



Carnivorous Plants 



Dyeing 



Ferns 



Fiber 



Flowers 



Fruits 



Fungi 



Grains 



Grasses 



Herbs 



Medicine and Drugs 



Nuts 



Parasites 



Weeds 



There are also more general articles which 

 will prove very helpful to the reader interested 

 in botany: 



Air Cells 



Air Plants 



Alburnum 



Anglosperms 



Annuals 



Biennials 



Boehmerla 



Botanical Garden 



Bract 



Breeding 



Bryophytea 



Bud 



Bulb 



Catkin 



Cell 



Cellulose 



Chlorophyll 



Citrus 



Colchicum 



Composite Family 



Coniferae 



Corm 



Cotyledon 



Cross-Fertilization 



Cryptogams 



Cycads 



Diatom 



Disease 



Subhead Diseases of 

 Plants 



Ecology 



Etiolation 



Evergreen 



Exotic 



Flora 



Galls 



Germination 



Gymnosperms 



Herbarium 



Inflorescence 



Kew Gardens 



Leaves 



Leguminous Plants 



Osmosis 



Perennials 



Phanerogamous Plants 



Pollination 



Protoplasm 



Pteri doph y tes 



Puffball 



Ranunculus 



Roots 



Rose Family 



Sap 



Seeds 



Spore 



Spurge Family 



Stems 



Umbelliferae 



Venation 



BOTFLY, 'or HEEL-FLY, a common, hairy 

 parasite-fly, which lays its eggs upon the hairs 



BOTHNIA 



of cattle, usually above the hoof. Licking 

 their legs, the animals pick up the eggs on 

 their tongues. There they hatch quickly, and 

 in sheep they 

 move to the nos- 

 trils, in horses to 

 the stomach and 

 in cows to the 

 back. When 

 ready the larvae 



(young) push BOTFLY 



their way out, About twice natural size, 

 drop to the ground, burrow and soon come 

 forth as flies. 



The lumps seen on the backs of cattle in 

 the late winter and spring show the presence 

 of botfly larvae, or grubs, and the pests should 

 be removed, or kerosene should be injected 

 into the spots. Much suffering is caused to 

 "grubby" cattle, even loss of life, and it is 

 estimated that the total yearly loss to the 

 United States and Canada through the botfly 

 is nearly $50,000,000. 



BOTHA, bo' tah, Louis (1862- ), a states- 

 man, general of the British army, and the first 

 Premier of the Union of South Africa. He 

 was born at Greytown, Natal, at a time when 

 native affairs were in a very unsettled state, 

 and early served in wars against native tribes. 

 During the South African War he was one of 

 the ablest of the Boer leaders, and prolonged 

 their resistance by skilful organization of guer- 

 rilla warfare, until he was forced to admit 

 that British success was inevitable. In the 

 period of reorganization following the war he 

 worked for the best interests of his country- 

 men, and loyally supported the British gov- 

 ernment. Becoming Premier in 1907, when the 

 South African provinces were given self-govern- 

 ment, he proved himself a leader worthy of 

 admiration for his broad-minded policy. 



In 1915, during the War of the Nations, lead- 

 ing the forces of the Union of South Africa, 

 General Botha invaded German Southwest 

 Africa and after a most remarkable campaign 

 received the surrender of the territory from 

 the leader of the German forces. 



BOTHNIA, bahth'nia, GULP OF, a land- 

 locked sea, extending from the island of Aland 

 northward between Sweden and Finland, form- 

 ing an arm of the Baltic Sea. It covers an area 

 nearly as large as the state of New York. 

 Commercially and politically it is of little 

 value. On the east it is bordered by land 

 devoid of all agricultural advantages, on the 

 north are the barren and Arctic regions of 



