BOTHWELL 



865 



BOTTLE 



Lapland, and it is only on the southeastern 

 coast of Sweden that land of real value is to be 

 found. Within comparatively recent times 

 there appears to have been a general rising of 

 the coast line of the gulf and a sinking of the 

 level of the sea. Towns which were at one 

 time seaports are now several miles inland. 

 Navigation is difficult, owing to the presence 

 of many small islands and sandbanks; on 

 account of its shallowness, never exceeding 300 

 feet in depth, the frequent storms quickly cause 

 a rough sea. In the winter the gulf freezes 

 over and traffic between Sweden and Finland 

 is carried on by sleighs. 



BOTHWELL, bahth' wel, JAMES HEPBURN, 

 Earl of (15367-1578), a Scottish nobleman who 

 is important in history only because of his 

 marriage to Mary Queen of Scots and for the 

 events which that union brought about. He 

 won the confidence and regard of the queen 

 after her marriage to Lord Darnley in 1565, 

 and when the latter was murdered in 1567 he 

 was accused of having had a hand in the affair. 

 Being summoned to answer the charge of mur- 

 der, he appeared at the trial with 4,000 of his 

 followers, and was speedily acquitted. He was 

 then in high favor with the queen, and, with 

 or without her consent, he seized her at Edin- 

 burgh, carried her a prisoner to Dunbar Castle 

 and prevailed upon her to marry him after he 

 had divorced his own wife. A confederacy was 

 formed against him, and in a short time Mary 

 was brought to Edinburgh a prisoner. Both- 

 well fled to Norway, from which country he 

 was sent under arrest to Denmark, where he 

 died. See MARY STUART. 



BOTTICELLI, bot te chel' le, SANDRO (1447- 

 1515), an Italian painter, one of the greatest 

 representatives of the Florentine school during 

 the early Renaissance (see RENAISSANCE). His 

 work, distinguished for breadth of culture, 

 variety of subject, richness and delicacy of 

 coloring and high imaginative quality, is at 

 all times an expression of his individual moods 

 and ideas. He excelled in painting Madonnas 

 (see MADONNA), and important examples of 

 these may be seen in a private collection in 

 Boston, in the Uffizi Palace, Florence, and in 

 the Berlin Museum. The masterpiece of his 

 early career, a panel representing the Adoration 

 of the Magi (in the Uffizi), shows a few traces 

 of the influence of one of his first teachers, Fra 

 Filippo Lippi. 



Botticelli was commissioned by Pope Sixtus 

 IV, in 1481, to take charge of the decoration 

 of the latter's new chapel in the Vatican. 

 55 



Three of the frescoes in that chapel The Life 

 of Moses, The Temptation of Christ and The 

 Punishment of Korah, Dathan and Abiram 

 and several portraits of Popes were painted by 

 Botticelli himself. On his return to Florence 

 he executed commissions for Lorenzo the Mag- 

 nificent and other Florentine notables, and for 

 a cousin of Lorenzo he painted some of his 

 greatest canvases portraying scenes from myth- 

 ology. In the Academy of the Fine Arts, 

 Florence, hangs his most celebrated mytho- 

 logical picture Spring, or The Realm of Venus. 

 Of equal beauty is its companion picture, Birth 

 of Venus, now in the Uffizi. Both of these 

 canvases are characterized by delicate coloring, 

 grace and lightness of touch, and richness of 

 imagination. They illustrate also the artist's 

 greatest weakness, his inability to represent cor- 

 rectly the human figure. Among other well- 

 known works are three panels representing epi- 

 sodes in the life of Saint Zenobius, one of which 

 is in the Metropolitan Museum, New York; 

 and a decorative panel portraying the story of 

 Lucretia, in the Gardner collection, Boston. 



BOTTLE, bot "I, a vessel for liquids, usually 

 of glass or earthenware, and generally made 

 with a narrow neck and small opening which 

 can be closed with a cork. In ancient times 

 bottles were made of skins and in many parts 

 of Asia and in Southern Europe such primitive 

 vessels are still in use. The bottles mentioned 

 in the Bible were probably made of goat skin, 

 sewn as nearly as possible in a natural shape, 

 with one leg forming the neck. The chief dis- 

 advantage of skin bottles lay in the fact of 

 their affecting and being affected by their con- 

 tents. The same objection applied to metal 

 bottles. It was not until glass was utilized 

 that a bottle was obtained which was -practi- 

 cally impervious to its contents, no matter how 

 injurious they might be to other materials. 

 Acids that would quickly eat their way through 

 leather or metal vessels produce no effect upon 

 glass bottles. Wines may be kept for hundreds 

 of years in glass bottles without acquiring any 

 unnatural taste or in any way affecting the 

 glass. 



How Bottles Are Made. In making a glass 

 bottle the operator takes a mass of molten glass 

 from the smelting furnace. This is placed on 

 the end of a hollow metal tube through which 

 air is blown, either from the lungs of the 

 workman or by machinery. When blown out 

 into a pear-shaped hollow, the glass is placed 

 in a red hot mold the size and shape of the 

 bottle required. The blowing is continued until 



