BOURGET S 



nected with the royal family, and in 1589 

 Henry of Navarre, a Bourbon, came to the 

 throne of France as Henry IV (which see). 

 Louis XIII, Louis XIV, Louis XV and Louis 

 XVI were all of this dynasty. This line of 

 rulers was deposed at the outset of the French 

 Revolution, but was restored to the throne 

 in 1815 in the person of Louis XVIII. Charles 

 X succeeded to the crown in 1830, but was 

 forced to abdicate in favor of Louis Philippe, 

 a member of a younger branch, the Bourbon- 

 Orleans. He, too, was deposed in 1848. His 

 heirs, however, have never given up their claim 

 to the throne of France, and until the War of 

 the Nations (1914) cemented all factions there 

 yet persisted in the country a political party 

 which centered around these Bourbon claim- 

 ants. Now the republic is extremely popular. 



In Spain and Naples. In Spain the Bour- 

 bons came to power when Louis XIV of France 

 placed his grandson, Philip of Anjou, on the 

 Spanish throne in 1700. There are to-day in 

 Spain two branches of this famous family, one 

 represented by the present king, Alfonso XIII, 

 the other by Don Carlos, commonly known as 

 The Pretender. During the two hundred years 

 and more after the Bourbons began to reign 

 in France the only break in their rule occurred 

 during the wars with Napoleon Bonaparte. 



In Naples the Bourbons came to the throne 

 in the person of Charles III, son of Philip V 

 of Spain, who gained the crown in 1735. His 

 descendants reigned in Naples until 1806, when 

 Napoleon took over the kingdom for his 

 brother. After the downfall of Napoleon the 

 Bourbon Ferdinand I became king of the Two 

 Sicilies, and the Bourbon line continued to 

 hold the throne until Sicily and Naples were 

 made part of United Italy in 1860. 



BOURGET , boor zhe h ' , PAUL ( 1852- ) , the 

 author of The Disciple and The Promised 

 Land, a present-day novelist and critic whose 

 reputation is likely to endure, because of his 

 insight into human nature. He was born at 

 Amiens, France, and attended school at Cler- 

 mont-Ferrand, where his father was professor 

 of mathematics. When he entered the famous 

 College de Sainte-Barbe he showed marked 

 ability as a student. After graduating from 

 that school he entered journalism and traveled 

 in many countries, meeting people of differ- 

 ent classes. In this way he studied character 

 and saw life among the rich and poor. His 

 writings are serious and deal with the motives 

 which control the action of people. Some 

 have said that his work is pessimistic, but 



8 BOW AND ARROW 



that is doubtless because he shows every-day 

 life as it exists. 



BOURINOT, boo re no', SIR JOHN GEORGE 

 (1837-1902), one of the foremost Canadian 

 historians, for twenty-two years clerk of the 

 Dominion House of Commons. His official 

 position gave him an intimate acquaintance 

 with the leading men of his day, a privilege 

 fully as great as the access to the records of 

 the government. He became an authority on 

 parliamentary procedure, which was the sub- 

 ject of one of his first books. Of his other 

 books the most important are Manual of Con- 

 stitutional History; Parliamentary Govern- 

 ment in Canada; How Canada is Governed; 

 Canada Under British Rule; Intellectual De- 

 velopment of the Canadian People, and a life 

 of Lord Elgin. 



He was especially interested in Nova Scotia, 

 for he was born at Sydney, in that province. 

 Two of his best books are about it and bear 

 the titles Cape Breton and Its Memorials of 

 the French Regime and Builders of Nova 

 Scotia. He was for many years the editor of 

 the Halifax Reporter, a journal which he estab- 

 lished in 1860, and was at one time president 

 of the Royal Society of Canada. From 1882 

 until his death he was the Society's honorary 

 secretary. Bourinot's services to Canadian 

 scholarship won general recognition, and he 

 was knighted by Queen Victoria in 1898. 



BOW, bo, AND ARROW, the world's most 

 destructive weapon of offense before the in- 

 vention of gunpowder. The bow was usually 

 made of steel, wood, bone, horn or other elas- 

 tic substance, and bent into a slight curve, the 

 two ends being joined by a cord. The use of 

 the bow is practically obsolete except in the 

 pastime called archery, a word derived from 

 the Latin arcus, meaning a bow (see ARCHERY). 

 The long bow, which was used by English 

 archers, the most-dreaded fighting men of 

 Europe for centuries, was usually the height 

 of the archer, or about six feet in length, and 

 the arrow was a metal-tipped shaft three feet 

 in length. Three feathers near the blunt end 

 of this shaft, doing service as a rudder, kept 

 it in a straight course, point first, and pre- 

 vented it from turning in the air. In the blunt 

 end also was a notch which fitted the string 

 of the bow. When the archer made ready for 

 the shot he placed the arrow across the bow, 

 notch on string, grasped the shaft with the 

 fingers of the right hand and held the bow 

 with the left arm, firmly extended. With a 

 steady pressure the bow was bent until the 



