BRAMANTE 



893 



BRANDEIS 



hops in beer making. In dressing chamois and 

 kid leather it is still occasionally employed. 

 The term bracken also means a rough, tangled 

 undergrowth. 



BRAKE 



BRAMANTE, bramahn' ta, DONATO (1444- 

 1514), one of the greatest Italian architects of 

 the Renaissance. During the first twenty-eight 

 years of his career, beginning in 1472, he 

 worked in Milan, his masterpiece being the 

 choir and dome of the Church of Santa Maria 

 delle Grazie. In 1499 he went to Rome, where 

 he was so profoundly impressed by the splen- 

 did examples of Roman architecture that he 

 adopted a new style in his art, becoming 

 thereby the founder and leader of the Middle 

 Renaissance school of architecture. Not only 

 did his work show his appreciation of beauty, 

 but also a thorough understanding of the laws 

 of perspective and of engineering principles. 

 Pope Julius II commissioned him to design 

 new galleries for the Vatican, and then to plan 

 the greatest architectural work of the Renais- 

 sance, the rebuilding of Saint Peter's Church. 

 His death in 1514 interrupted this great work, 

 and his plans were considerably altered by his 

 successors, including Raphael and Michel- 

 angelo. Nevertheless, the drawings that he 

 made for the reconstruction of the famous 

 church were studied by later architects. 



BRAMBLE, bram'b'l, the name commonly 

 given to any shrub of the blackberry family, 

 with trailing, prickly stems. It is rarely culti- 

 vated, but as a wild plant it grows in great 

 abundance. The flowers do not appear till late 

 in the summer, and the fruit, which is deep 

 purple or almost black in color, ripens in the 

 autumn. Says the English poet Elliott, in the 

 poem To the Bramble Flower: 



Thy fruit full well the schoolboy knows, 



Wild bramble of the brake ! 

 So, put thou forth thy small white rose ; 



I love it for his sake. 



BRAMP'TON, the county town of Peel 

 County, Ontario, twenty-one miles west of 

 Toronto, on the Grand Trunk and Canadian 

 Pacific railways. Brampton has the largest fac- 

 tory in Canada for making loose-leaf books. 

 There are several boot and shoe factories, a 

 paper box factory, a foundry, planing, flour and 

 woolen mills and a pressed-brick yard. One of 

 Brampton's chief industries is to supply the 

 Toronto market with cut flowers; one of the 

 firms employs over 250 people. There is also 

 a considerable trade in dairy products, apples 

 and other produce of the surrounding, farm dis- 

 tricts. Population in 1911, 3,412; in 1916, esti- 

 mated, nearly 4,000. 



BRAN, the coarse outer coat of wheat, rye 

 and other cereal grains, which by sifting is 

 separated from the flour in the process of 

 milling. In ordinary speech, when bran is 

 referred to without any qualifying word, wheat 

 bran is meant; the other brans are spoken of 

 as rye bran, corn bran, etc. Wheat bran con- 

 tains protein, 15.4 per cent ; nitrogen, 53.9 ; 

 fat, 4.0; fiber, 9.0; ash, 5.8; water, 11.9. 

 It is an excellent food for all kinds of farm 

 animals, and when mixed with corn meal is 

 especially prized by the dairy farmer because 

 of its milk-producing qualities. The other 

 varieties of bran are also used in feeding stock, 

 but less extensively than wheat bran because 

 smaller amounts are obtained from the other 

 cereal grains. 



Although bran is not a nutritious food for 

 human beings, it has a certain value because 

 of its laxative effects, and therefore wheat-bran 

 preparations for making bread and muffins are 

 extensively sold. See FOOD, subhead Chemistry 

 of Food. 



BRANDEIS, Louis DEMBITZ (1856- ), an 

 American lawyer and publicist, a conspicuous 

 figure in the struggle for economic, social and 

 political justice, and since 1916 an Associate 

 Justice of the United States Supreme Court. He 



