BRANDON 



895 



BRANGWYN 



GEORG BRANDES 



is that of a philosopher a disciple of the 

 French critic Taine, and of John Stuart Mill 

 and Herbert 

 Spencer. In his 

 greatest work, 

 Main Literary 

 Currents of the 

 Nineteenth Cen- 

 tury, he discusses 

 clearly the chief 

 tendencies of the 

 literatures of the 

 European nations 

 since 1800. He 

 has also written 

 Eminent Authors 

 of the Nineteenth Century, Poland, and Men 

 and Works in European Literature, Recollec- 

 tions of My Childhood and My Youth. 



BRANDON, a city in Manitoba, well situated 

 at an altitude of 1,180 feet, on a hill overlook- 

 ing the Assiniboine River, 133 miles west of 

 Winnipeg. It is a division point on the Cana- 

 dian Pacific and the Canadian Northern rail- 

 ways, and is also served by the Great Northern 

 Railway from the United States. Brandon is 

 growing rapidly, both as a manufacturing cen- 

 ter and as a distributing point. Its population, 

 only 5,620 in 1901, increased to 13,839 in 1911 

 and to 17,450 in 1916. 



Brandon is the distributing and shipping cen- 

 ter for one of the richest agricultural sections 

 in Canada. It has about twenty wholesale 

 houses, also branches of practically all the 

 agricultural-implement makers of Canada and 

 the United States. It has large grain elevators 

 and produces over $2,000,000 worth of flour a 

 year. Of its other manufactures the leaders are 

 car repairs, gasoline engines, stoves, pumps and 

 windmills, store fixtures, saddles, harness and 

 other leather goods, school desks, tents, light- 

 ning rods, butter and cheese. Brandon's manu- 

 factures have an average annual value of 

 $5,000,000, about one-tenth of the total for 

 the province. 



The city is also known as an educational cen- 

 ter. It has Brandon College, affiliated with 

 McMaster University (which see) at Toronto, 

 the provincial normal school, an Indian indus- 

 trial school, a ladies' college, a business college 

 and a collegiate institute, besides the usual pub- 

 lic and Roman Catholic separate schools. It 

 is the seat of the provincial insane asylum. 

 The electric street railway is owned by the city. 

 Brandon was founded in 1881, and was incor- 

 porated as a city in the next year. 



BRANDY, bran' di, the name generally ap- 

 plied to the liquor obtained by distilling the 

 fermented juice of the grape. If no qualifying 

 word is used it is understood that the grape is 

 the basis of the brandy. When other fruits 

 are used the liquor is known as apple brandy, 

 cherry brandy, etc., according to the fruit 

 used. All of these brandies contain about fifty 

 per cent of alcohol, and differ from each other 

 only in the essential oil which gives to each 

 its particular flavor and aroma. 



Brandy is clear and colorless when distilled, 

 and retains these characteristics if kept in glass 

 vessels. Placed in wooden casks, it takes on 

 the color of pale amber, for the coloring matter 

 in the wood is dissolved out by the spirit. It 

 is then sold under the trade name of pale 

 brandy. Some dealers darken the liquor by 

 means of caramel and sell it as brown brandy. 

 The flavor of brandy improves with age, but 

 its strength declines. 



Genuine Cognac, the best brandy in the 

 world, made in the southwestern part of France, 

 is not easily obtained in the United States, be- 

 cause the high tariff on imported liquors makes 

 it a costly beverage; the price is sometimes as 

 high as $20 a gallon. American manufacturers 

 now produce a brandy that in quality is said 

 to be a rival of Cognac. Because of its stimu- 

 lating properties, brandy is sometimes used as 

 a medicine, being given occasionally to persons 

 suffering from shock or exhaustion. However, 

 its use in this manner is decreasing, for phy- 

 sicians use other and more desirable stimulating 

 medicines. See ALCOHOLIC DRINKS. 



BRANDY WINE, BATTLE OF THE, one of the 

 important battles of the Revolutionary War, 

 fought on Brandywine Creek, near Dilworth, 

 N. J., September 11, 1777. At Chad's Ford, 

 commanded by General Washington, the Amer- 

 ican force of 11,000 met the British army of 

 18,000, under General Howe. The British took 

 the offensive, and after a stubborn fight, by a 

 brilliant flank movement on the part of Corn- 

 wallis, the Americans were forced to retreat. 

 The losses were about equal, but the victory 

 enabled Howe to enter Philadelphia. 



BRANGWYN, brang'unn, FRANK (1867- ), 

 one of the foremost of present-day English 

 painters and etchers. Brangwyn was born at 

 Bruges, Belgium, where his father, a Welshman, 

 was a manufacturer of church embroideries and 

 vestments, and one of his early teachers was 

 William Morris, whose ideal in art was Gothic. 

 But in Brangwyn's mature work the predom- 

 inating characteristic is not Gothic purity but 



