BUKOWINA 



989 



BULGARIA 



BUKOWINA, bookove'nah, a former Aus- 

 trian duchy, with an area of 4,031 square miles, 

 between Hungary, Russia and Rumania, in the 

 region of the Carpathian Mountains. It is 

 well watered by the Pruth, Sereth and Dniester 

 rivers, and in their valleys the soil is ex- 

 tremely fertile. Cattle raising is an important 

 industry, and crops of cereals, fruits and vege- 

 tables are raised. Brewing, distilling and mill- 

 ing are extensively carried on, but manufactures 

 are not numerous and few minerals are pro- 

 duced. The capital is Czernowitz, with a pop- 

 ulation of about 88,000. The inhabitants are 

 of mixed races, consisting chiefly of Ruthenians, 

 Russians, Rumanians, Germans and Poles. 

 Population, about 750,000. 



BULB, the underground storehouse of a 

 plant a kind of bud whose very compact 

 leaves, through storage of food, have become 

 thick and fleshy. Like a seed, a bulb holds 

 within it the undeveloped plant of the future 

 leaves, flower and all. But, unlike the seed, 

 a bulb has much stored-up nourishment, and 

 a plant grows more quickly from the bulb than 

 from the seed. Some bulbs are formed in rings 

 or layers, like onion and hyacinth bulbs; others 

 are scaly, like those of the lily. Put in the 

 ground at the right time, which depends en- 

 tirely upon climate and season conditions, and 

 given the proper attention and continued nour- 

 ishment, a bulb will soon send forth roots from 

 the bottom. And from the center, up through 

 the ground, will come shooting the leaves, 

 etems and flowers. 



The bulb of a plant is formed either above- 



ground or beneath the surface. Being usually 

 brownish or earth-colored, it does not advertise 

 for outside help, as do some of the flowers to 

 bees, for pollination (which see). So each 



SOME COMMON BULBS 



(a, 6) Lily, entire and cross-section; (c) early 

 red onion; (d) narcissus; (e) hyacinth; (/) 

 tulip. 



bulb produces decade after decade a plant 

 exactly like the parent. Some bulbs are edible, 

 like the onion, and most of them produce fra- 

 grant flowers of wonderful charm and interest. 



| THE STORY OF BULGARIA) 



ULGARIA, bulga'ria, a kingdom in 

 the eastern part of the Balkan Peninsula of 

 Europe. Long ground under the heel of Tur- 

 key, in the last four or five decades it found its 

 strength and asserted its independence. The 

 Balkan War of 1912-1913 won it a sixteen per 

 cent increase in territory. Its future was prom- 

 ising until it was defeated ' with its Germanic 

 allies in the War of the Nations, in 1918. Area, 

 43,310 square miles; the population in 1910 was 



4,467,000. Many thousands perished in the war. 

 It would take six Bulgarias to equal in size the 

 province of Alberta, Canada. 



The Land and Its Resources. The Danube 

 River runs along the northern boundary, and 

 it is the valley of that stream which forms 

 the northernmost of the three physical divi- 

 sions of Bulgaria. South of this stretch the 

 Balkan Mountains, with peaks which reach at 

 times heights of 10,000 feet, and beyond these 



