BULL 



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BULLFIGHTING 



name bull comes from the seal used, which is 

 a bulla, a round piece of lead impressed on one 

 side with the heads of Saint Peter and Saint 

 Paul, on the other with the name of the 

 reigning Pope. If the bull be a "Bull of Jus- 

 tice," the seal is attached by a cord of hemp; 

 if a "Bull of Grace," the cord is of red or yel- 

 low silk. Pope Leo XIII ordered the use of 

 ordinary instead of Gothic characters on the 

 less important bulls. D.J.D. 



BULL, JOHN, the name popularly used to 

 typify England and the English people, in the 

 same sense that "Uncle Sam" typifies the 

 United States and its people. It was first used 

 by the witty Scottish doctor and writer, John 

 Arbuthnot, in The His- 

 tory of John Bull, in 

 which, in a discussion 

 of the political affairs 

 of Europe at that time, 

 John Bull, representing 

 England, appears as a 

 j oily, honest, plain- 

 dealing but hot-tem- 

 pered farmer. Arbuth- 

 not's word-picture was 

 later reproduced in a 

 drawing by Sir Francis 

 Carruthers Gould, and 

 now the name and the 

 picture through long 

 use have grown famil- 

 iar to all. John Bull 

 wears a "tile" hat, a JOHN BULL, 

 swallow-tail coat, trousers tucked in boots, and 

 across his ample waistcoat usually appear the 

 outlines of the British flag. 



BULL 'DOG, a species of dog with fierce, 

 savage eyes, leering features and affectionate 

 regard for its master the best watchdog and 

 one of the most faithful canine companions. 

 It has been said that the bulldog is "so homely 

 as to be positively beautiful." 



Many years ago, to get just the right ani- 

 mal for the barbarous sport of bull-baiting, 

 the British mastiff was crossed with the pug 

 of Eastern Asia. And through careful breed- 

 ing and selection we have the bulldog of 

 to-day with massive head, short, wrinkled 

 muzzle and little, rounded nose, loose-hanging 

 lips and protruding lower jaw, with lower front 

 teeth showing. The ears are drooping, the 

 neck thick and short. From the strong chest, 

 held by slightly-bowed legs, the compact, 

 short-haired body tapers to higher, straight 

 hind legs. The prize bulldog of the dog shows 

 63 



weighs about fifty pounds, and is brindle, red, 

 fawn, white or piebald. The close, tight grip 

 of the jaws of the bulldog makes it a terror 

 to thieves and others bent on mischief. Its 

 faithful affection for its master and his family 



BULLDOGS 



At left, French bulldog; at right, English 

 bulldog. 



makes it usually a safe companion for chil- 

 dren. The bull terrier came originally from a 

 cross between the bulldog and the terrier. It 

 is smaller than the bulldog, lively and very 

 courageous. See DOG; TERRIEB. 



BULLET, bul' et, the small projectile, from 

 one to three inches in length, discharged from 

 a rifle, pistol, revolver, machine gun or sim- 

 ilar firearm. The bullet used in modern rifles 

 is conical in shape and consists of a core of 

 copper covered with steel or nickel. In size 

 it varies according to the caliber of the weapon 

 used. Revolver bullets are heavier and shorter 

 and the wounds they inflict are more danger- 

 ous than those inflicted by rifle or machine gun 

 fire. It has been found that unless struck in a 

 vital organ, such as heart or brain, sixty-five 

 per cent of those wounded in warfare to-day 

 make speedy recovery. Bullets used for hunt- 

 ing big game usually have soft lead points, or 

 are hollowed to insure spreading when they 

 reach their mark. The use of such missiles, 

 called dum-dum bullets, is condemned in 

 present-day, so-called civilized warfare. Mod- 

 ern bullets are always held in a cartridge case, 

 usually of brass. See AMMUNITION; PROJEC- 

 TILE; RIFLE; MACHINE GUN. 



BULLFIGHTING, a contest between men 

 and bulls, the latter tormented and goaded to 

 fury. This sport, frowned upon by all peoples 

 except certain of the Latin races, was very 

 popular among the Greeks and Romans and 

 was introduced into Spain by the Moors. It 

 at once captured the fancy of the Spaniards 

 and became their national sport. In Spain and 

 Mexico bullfights are still of regular occur- 



