BULL RUN 



995 



BtiLOW 



and silver brought to a mint to be made into 

 coin. When anyone deposits bullion at a mint 

 for coinage it is carefully weighed and its de- 

 gree of purity is ascertained. A report is then 

 made to the depositor setting forth these facts, 

 together with a statement of the net value of 

 the bullion deposited. If there are any charges 

 or deductions the amount of these is also 

 stated. When the coins are ready for delivery 

 they are given to the depositor, on his order, 

 by the superintendent of the mint. The name 

 bullion is also applied to gold dust, gold nug- 

 gets, gold and silver plate and foreign coins. 

 See COINAGE; MINT. 



BULL RUN, BATTLES OF, two engagements 

 of the War of Secession, fought near Bull Run, 

 a small creek in Northeastern Virginia, both 

 of which gave the Confederates reason to hope 

 for the ultimate triumph of their cause. The 

 name Manassas instead of Bull Run is fre- 

 quently applied to these battles, that being the 

 name of a small town in the vicinity. 



The First Battle of Bull Run, the first serious 

 conflict of the war, was fought on Sunday, 

 July 21, 1861, between Federal troops com- 

 manded by General McDowell, and Confed- 

 erates under generals Joseph E. Johnston and 

 Beauregard. About 18,000 men were engaged 

 on each side, though the entire Federal army 

 numbered about 30,000, and the Confederate 

 about 28,000. Both armies were made up of 

 raw, poorly-trained volunteers. McDowell be- 

 gan the battle in the morning by sending 

 Tyler, Heintzelman and Hunter to turn the 

 left wing of the Confederate army, which was 

 posted along Bull Run Creek. This movement 

 was so successfully carried out that by three 

 o'clock victory was apparently with the Fed- 

 erals. Jackson's brigade, however, which was 

 stationed on a small hill, held its position un- 

 flinchingly throughout the fight, causing one 

 of the Confederate generals to exclaim, "There 

 stands Jackson like a stone wall," and giving 

 that gallant officer his familiar title of "Stone- 

 wall." 



With the aid of reinforcements, generals 

 Johnston, Beauregard, Jackson and Kirby 

 Smith made a new attack on the Federals and 

 drove them from the field in such disorder 

 that the retreat became a rout. The total 

 Federal loss was about 2,800; the Confederate, 

 about 2,000. The effects of this battle were 

 momentous. The North, realizing for the first 

 time that the conflict was more than a three- 

 months' fight, began preparations for a serious 

 war; the Confederate cause was greatly 



strengthened in Europe, and the South, en- 

 thusiastic over the result, became over-confi- 

 dent. 



The Second Battle of Bull Run, fought on 

 August 29 and 30, 1862, marked the close of 

 Pope's campaign in Virginia. His army of 

 about 64,000 men lay encamped along the Rap- 

 pahannock, engaged in the defense of Wash- 

 ington. On August 26, "Stonewall" Jackson, 

 with a force of about 25,000, destroyed the 

 Union supplies at Manassas and Bristow, and 

 three days later Pope, who had formed his 

 lines near Bull Run Creek, ordered an attack 

 on the Confederates. In the meantime Lee 

 and Longstreet had succeeded in effecting a 

 union with Jackson. 



At the close of the first day's fight both 

 sides claimed a victory. At noon on the fol- 

 lowing day Pope ordered Porter, McDowell 

 and Heintzelman to make a united attack, but 

 the movement was unsuccessful, and a coun- 

 ter attack by Longstreet's troops drove the 

 Federals from the field. The Confederates 

 lost about 9,500 out of a total force of 54,000, 

 while the Union loss was fully 14,500. Pope 

 then led his army back to Washington, and 

 Lee, with the enthusiasm born of a decisive 

 victory, took the aggressive and began his 

 first invasion of the North (see ANTIETAM, 

 BATTLE OF). See, also, WAR OF SECESSION. 



Bii'LOW, BERNHARD HEINRICH, Prince von 

 (1849- ), a German diplomat and states- 

 man, Prime Minister of Prussia and Chancel- 

 lor of the German Empire from 1900 to 1909. 

 After five years of retirement he again became 

 conspicuous in 

 world politics late 

 in 1914, when he 

 was appointed 

 ambassador ex- 

 traordinary to 

 Italy. The ob- 

 ject of this ap- 

 pointment, which 

 was due partly to 

 von Billow's per- 

 sonal popularity 

 in Italy and part- 

 ly to the fact that 

 his wife was an 

 Italian, was to use every possible influence to 

 keep Italy from joining the allies against the 

 Teutonic powers. Although von Bulow's skil- 

 ful diplomacy is given credit for delaying 

 Italy's declaration of war, it could not pre- 

 vent it (see WAR OF THE NATIONS). 



PRINCE VON BttLOW 



