BUNION 



998 



BUNSEN 



The bungalow originated in India. Besides 

 those owned privately there are military 

 bungalows built by the government for the 

 use of travelers along the main highways; they 

 are constructed of wood, bamboo or similar 

 materials. Those of the Europeans are gen- 

 erally built of sun-dried bricks, and have 

 thatched or tiled roofs. 



BUNION, bun'yun, a painful swelling, event- 

 ually becoming a distortion of the bone, usu- 

 ally of the joint of the great toe, but in some 

 cases of the little toe. Bunions result from the 

 irritation of the small membranous sac located 

 there and are usually caused by tight shoes. 

 At first the affection is a small swelling, but 

 if not cured it develops into a very painful 

 sore and may permanently deform the toe. 

 To cure a bunion the first thing to do is per- 

 manently to remove the pressure by adoption 

 of properly-fitted shoes. Rest and wet dress- 

 ings will complete the cure, if attended to at 

 the beginning of the trouble. Stubborn cases, 

 however, require a surgical operation. 



BUNKER, bung'ker, HILL, BATTLE OF, the 

 first important battle of the American Revo- 

 lution. It was decisive, not because either side 

 won a sharp victory but because the brave, 

 steadfast stand of the colonial troops con- 

 vinced the col- 

 onies that the 

 contest with the 

 trained soldiers 

 of England, 

 though unequal, 

 would be by no 

 means hopeless. 

 Had the outcome 

 been a real de- 

 feat for the col- 

 onists it is pos- 

 sible that resist- 

 ance to England 

 might have then 

 ceased. 



This famous 

 battle took place 

 June 17, 1775, on 

 Breed's Hill and 

 Bunker Hill, 

 Chariest own, 

 Mass., between 

 1,500 Americans 

 under Colonel 



Prescott and 3,000 British under 

 Howe. These' forces were but 



BUNKER HILL, MONU- 

 MENT 



General 

 a part of 

 those operating near Boston, for the British 



troops holding that city numbered about 10,- 

 000, while the colonials had no fewer than 

 15,000 in the neighborhood. Learning that the 

 British were planning to fortify Bunker Hill 

 and so make good their hold on Boston, the 

 Americans quietly occupied the adjoining 

 height of Breed's Hill and threw up an earth- 

 work there during the night of June 16. 



At daybreak the British discovered how they 

 had been forestalled, opened fire from their 

 ships in Charlestown harbor and later in the 

 day landed a force to charge the hill. Up 

 the slope in perfect order marched the British 

 regulars, and no opposition met them until 

 they were close to the redoubt, for Putnam 

 had issued his famous command, "Don't one 

 of you fire until you see the whites of their 

 eyes," and it was obeyed. Repulsed by the 

 sudden, fierce fire, the British fell back with 

 great loss, but soon rallied for a second charge, 

 which ended as did the first. Charlestown was 

 burned to the ground by shells which fell into 

 it during the engagement. 



Both sides then rallied, and at 4:30 in the 

 afternoon a third charge took place. The 

 Americans had used up all their ammunition, 

 and were in consequence forced to yield after 

 they had lost some of their bravest men, 

 among them General Joseph Warren. All in 

 all, the British had lost 1,054 in killed and 

 wounded and the Americans 450; it was a 

 costly triumph for the former, while for the 

 latter it answered all the purposes of a vic- 

 tory. 



Bunker Hill Monument. This battle, so far- 

 reaching in its effects, is commemorated by a 

 monument which was dedicated in 1843. It is 

 a granite shaft 221 feet in height, and stands 

 as nearly as can be ascertained on the spot 

 where General Warren fell. Though it is on 

 Breed's Hill, that height is now commonly 

 known as Bunker Hill. On June 17, 1825, just 

 half a century after the battle, Lafayette laid 

 the corner stone and Webster delivered an 

 address; eighteen years later, at the dedica- 

 tion, Webster again gave one of his memorable 

 orations. The monument cost over $125,000, 

 which sum was raised by popular subscrip- 

 tion. . A.MCC. 



BUN 'SEN, ROBERT WILHELM EBERHARD 

 (1811-1899), one of the discoverers of spectrum 

 analysis (which see) and the inventor of the 

 Bunsen burner, the Bunsen battery and nu- 

 merous other devices which greatly aided the 

 progress of science during the last half of the 

 nineteenth century. Bunsen was an eminent 



