BUST 



1016 



BUTLER 



wards now has its local business school, in 

 which tuitions range from $25 to $75 for the 

 various courses offered. See ACCOUNTING; 

 BOOKKEEPING; SHORTHAND. 



BUST, in sculpture, a figure representing 

 the upper part of the human body, sometimes 

 only the head and neck, but often including 

 parts of the breast and shoulders. This form 

 of sculpture was practiced by the Greeks as 

 early as the sixth century B. c., and is shown in 

 the Hermae, which were heads of the god 

 Hermes mounted on pillars and erected along 

 the roads to serve as guideposts. The Greeks 

 did not make portrait busts of their great men 

 to any extent until the time of Alexander the 

 Great, but from that period there has sur- 

 vived a celebrated series of busts of Alexander 

 and his successors, and also many representa- 

 tions of distinguished poets, philosophers and 

 orators, including Plato, Zeno and Demos- 

 thenes. Both marble and bronze were used, 

 the latter more generally than marble. 



During the days of the Republic the Romans 

 filled their public places with portrait busts, 

 and the popularity of this form of sculpture 

 continued until the third century of the Chris- 

 tian Era. In the Capitoline Museum and in 

 the Vatican are famous collections of busts of 

 the emperors, and good examples may also be 

 seen in the British Museum, London, and in 

 the Louvre, in Paris. A magnificent private 

 collection of busts, mostly bronzes, belonging to 

 a philosopher of the time of Cicero, which was 

 unearthed at Herculaneum, has been placed in 

 the museum of Naples. 



Bust portraiture was a lost art from the 

 sixth to the thirteenth century, but enjoyed a 

 splendid revival through the Italian sculptors 

 of the Renaissance, and there has been no 

 decline in the art since that time. Jean An- 

 toine Houdon (which see), a French sculptor 

 of the eighteenth century, excelled in this field, 

 and at the present time practically every 

 sculptor of note is successful in bust por- 

 traiture. 



For illustrations of busts, see articles CAESAR, 

 ALEXANDER THE GREAT, HOMER, etc. 



BUTLER, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (1818-1893), 

 an American politician and general, probably 

 of all Northern officers during the War of 

 Secession the one least liked in the South, 

 where he was commonly known as "Beast But- 

 ler." He was born at Deerfield, N. H., studied 

 at Waterville College, Maine, and having 

 gained admission to the bar, practiced law 

 at Lowell, Mass., building up a wide reputa- 



BENJAMIN F. BUTLER 



tion. In the state legislature he worked for 

 labor reform, carrying out the same policy 

 which led him in 

 his practice to 

 fight for the in- 

 terests of the fac- 

 tory workers 

 against the cor- 

 porations. 

 Shortly after the 

 outbreak of the 

 War of Secession 

 he was made 

 major-general of 

 volunteers and 

 placed in com- 

 mand of the De- 

 partment of Eastern Virginia, and though he 

 showed no great military ability he came prom- 

 inently before the public because of his declara- 

 tion that slaves within the Union lines were 

 "contraband of war" (see CONTRABAND). 



During his administration of New Orleans 

 in 1862, to which duty he had been assigned, 

 he issued vigorous repressive orders which won 

 him his unsavory nickname and caused Jeffer- 

 son Davis to proclaim him an outlaw, to be 

 hanged if captured. He afterward held com- 

 mands in Virginia and North Carolina, but 

 General Grant removed him in 1864 and he 

 returned to political life. Elected to Congress 

 as a Republican in 1866, he served until 1879, 

 except for two years, and was especially active 

 in -the impeachment proceedings against Pres- 

 ident Johnson. After striving vainly several 

 times to gain the governorship of Massachu- 

 setts, he was elected to that office in 1882 by 

 the Democrats, and two years later was the 

 Greenback-Labor candidate for President. 



BUTLER, NICHOLAS MURRAY (1862- ), an 

 American educator, since 1902 the president of 

 Columbia University. He was born in Eliza- 

 beth, N. J., was educated at Columbia College 

 and after graduation took special courses in 

 Berlin and Paris. Following his studies abroad, 

 he was appointed assistant in philosophy at 

 Columbia, and when the institution was re- 

 organized as a university he became the first 

 dean of the faculty of philosophy. He founded 

 and was the first president of the New York 

 College for the Training of Teachers, now 

 the Teachers College of Columbia University, 

 and it was through his influence, while a mem- 

 ber of the state board of education of New 

 Jersey, that manual training was introduced 

 into the public schools of that state. 





