CAGLIARI 



1044 



CAIRO 



the proportion of from 0.8 to 3.6 per cent, and 

 in tea from 2 to 4 per cent. When taken in 

 moderate quantities it has the stimulating 

 effect of increasing the circulation and arousing 

 one to a greater degree of activity; this is 

 declared by many to be a harmless and gently- 

 stimulating effect. When taken in large quan- 

 tities, however, it is decidedly injurious, caus- 

 ing nervousness, insomnia, rise of temperature 

 and paralysis of heart action. The person who 

 drinks coffee or tea to excess almost always 

 suffers from nervous disorders. Many authori- 

 ties to-day believe it would be better for one 

 not to take artificial stimulants of any kind 

 habitually. There is always a depressing reac- 

 tion of greater or less degree ; and the alkaloids 

 are liable to create a need for ever-increasing 

 amounts in order to satisfy the craving for 

 stimulation. See ALKALOID. 



CAGLIARI, kalyah're, the capital of Sar- 

 dinia, a city of 60,000 people, at the southern 

 end of the island. It is connected with nearly 

 every part of Sardinia by rail, and is the port 

 for most of the trade with the mainland. It 

 is 268 miles from Naples and 727 from Gibral- 

 tar, and but slightly out of the direct steamer 

 route between those ports. 



The city is said to be of Phoenician origin. 

 Among its attractions for the tourist are an 

 amphitheater, botanical gardens, a cathedral, 

 built six hundred years ago by Pisans, and the 

 university, founded by the Spanish king, Philip 

 II, in 1596. Grain, wine, salt from lagoons in 

 the harbor, and goatskins are its chief exports. 

 See SARDINIA. 



CAIN, kane, the first man in the world to 

 kill another human being, was the eldest son 

 of Adam and Eve. Cain was a tiller of the 

 soil, and Abel, his brother, was a keeper of the 

 sheep. In due time each offered sacrifice to 

 the Lord. Cain offered the fruit of the ground 

 and Abel the firstlings of his flock. "The Lord 

 had respect unto Abel and his offering, but unto 

 Cain and to his offering he had not respect." 

 Cain was angry and killed Abel. As a punish- 

 ment the Lord pronounced a curse upon Cain 

 and made him a wanderer in the earth. Cain 

 feared that he would be slain, and the Lord 

 placed a mark upon him and commanded that 

 no man should harm him. After this he dwelt 

 in the land of Nod. (See Genesis IV.) 



CAINE, [THOMAS HENRY] HALL (1853- ), 

 an English writer whose novels, rather melo- 

 dramatic for the most part, have. nevertheless 

 a gloomy power which accounts in large meas- 

 ure for their popularity. Caine is of Manx 



descent that is, his ancestors came from the 

 Isle of Man; and he had the wisdom to lay 

 the scenes of many of his novels in that little 

 island in the Irish. Sea which he knew so well. 

 Most clearly and sympathetically has he drawn 

 his island characters, with their intense natures 

 and their somewhat limited outlook on life, and 

 in this one field his books make a real contri- 

 bution to the knowledge of various peoples. 

 Caine was born at Runcorn, England, and 

 educated to be an architect, but he found 

 journalism much more to his liking and for 

 six years was a leading writer on the Liverpool 

 Mercury. In 1881 he went to London on the 

 invitation of Rossetti, with whom he lived 

 for a j'ear, until the latter's death. His Recol- 

 lections of Rossetti, which picture the poet 

 during this last strange year of his life, is a 

 book of importance. 



His first novel, The Shadow of a Crime, ap- 

 peared in 1885, and was followed by The 

 Deemster, The Bondman, The Manxman, The 

 Christian, The Eternal City, The White 

 Prophet and The Woman Thou Gavest Me. 

 The last four of these, his best-known works, 

 aroused considerable discussion because of the 

 daring with which he handled problems of 

 religion and sex. The Christian, The Eternal 

 City and The White Prophet also had long 

 and successful runs in dramatic form. 



CAIRO, ki'ro, the most populous city of 

 Africa, is the capital of Egypt and one of the 

 cosmopolitan cities of the world. Here the 

 people of the East and the West meet, but 

 seldom mingle socially or politically. The 

 streets present a scene of picturesque and vivid 

 coloring, and the ear is assailed by a babel 

 of tongues. Among its inhabitants are Egyp- 

 tians, Arabs, Nubians, negroes, Turks and 

 representatives of every race in Europe. Cairo 

 might be appropriately called the city of 

 mosques, but it received from its founder, 

 Gohar, a general of the Fatimite Caliph, Al 

 Moez, in 973, the name of El Kahira, which 

 means the victorious city. 



The site is well chosen, on the east bank 

 of the Nile, 130 miles southeast of Alexandria, 

 on the Mediterranean Sea, and eighty-four 

 miles west of Suez by the old caravan route 

 across the desert. It is 5,340 miles from New 

 York, direct through the Strait of Gibraltar, 

 and 2,540 miles from London. On the map 

 of the world it will be found opposite New 

 Orleans, and in the same latitude. The city 

 is divided primarily into two portions, the 

 eastern and the western. These are again 



