CALIFORNIA 



1071 



CALIXTUS 



Through the generosity of Mrs. Phoebe A. 

 Hearst, an international architectural competi- 

 tion was opened in 1896 for the purpose of 

 obtaining plans for a group of buildings worthy 

 of the magnificent university site, and in 1907 

 the first building erected under the Hearst 

 Plan was completed. This was the white gran- 

 ite Hearst Memorial Mining Building, costing 

 $644,000. Notable among other imposing build- 

 ings are the Greek Theater, an open-air struc- 

 ture seating 7,500 people and situated on the 

 side of a hill in a grove of giant eucalyptus 

 trees; the library, costing a million and a 

 quarter dollars; Benjamin Ide Wheeler Hall, 

 costing $730,000, and the Sather Campanile, 

 a 300-foot bell tower costing $200,000. These 

 three buildings are of granite. 



The following university departments are 

 maintained at Berkeley: the colleges of arts 

 and sciences, commerce, agriculture, mechanics, 

 mining, civil engineering and chemistry: the 

 schools of architecture, jurisprudence and edu- 

 cation, and the University Extension division. 

 On Mount Hamilton, in Santa Clara County, 

 is the Lick Astronomical Department (see LICK 

 OBSERVATORY). In San Francisco are located 

 the school of design, the George Williams 

 Hooper Foundation for Medical Research, and 

 the colleges of law, medicine, dentistry and 

 pharmacy. The Scripps Institution for Bio- 

 logical Research at La Jolla, the Graduate 

 School of Tropical Agriculture at Riverside, and 

 the University Farm at Davis are also parts of 

 the university. Far away in Santiago, Chile, 

 is the D. O. Mills Observatory, a branch of the 

 Lick Astronomical Department. 



The buildings and grounds belonging to tht 

 University of California were valued in 1915 

 at nearly $8,000,000, and it has endowment 

 funds amounting to about $5,570,000. A large 

 number of courses are free to students who are 

 residents of the state. The total enrollment of 

 students is over 7,500 (including the summer 

 session, over 11,000), and the faculty numbers 

 nearly 800. The library, increasing at the 

 rate of 20,000 volumes a year and containing 

 in 1916 over 380,000 volumes, possesses the 

 famous historical collection of Hubert Howe 

 Bancroft (which see). The scientific publica- 

 tions of the university are also of importance. 



The facts that tuition is entirely free, that 

 student self-government is really successful, 

 that various departments and chairs are de- 

 voted wholly to original research, tax-supplied 

 moneys as well as privately-given endowments 

 being so used, are noteworthy characteristics. 



CALIGULA 



Since 1906 the university has set an example 

 in preventive medicine by maintaining a self- 

 supporting infirmary which gives the students 

 all the medical and hospital care they may 

 need in return for an infirmary fee of $6 a 

 year. This means they are kept well and 

 taught to avail themselves of modern scientific 

 medicine. V.H.H. 



CALIGULA, kalig'ula, CAIUS CAESAR AUGUS- 

 TUS GERMANICUS (A. D. 12-41), a cruel and 

 dissipated ruler who ranks with Nero among 

 the wicked and tyrannical emperors of Rome. 

 He was the youngest son of Germanicus and 

 the nephew of 

 Tiberius, whom 

 he succeeded in 

 the year 37. In 

 the beginning of 

 his reign he made 

 himself very pop- 

 ular by his mild- 

 ness and his lav- 

 ish expenditures, 

 but at the end of 

 eight months he 

 was seized with a 

 disorder which 

 permanently affected his brain, and after his 

 recovery his career was marked by crimes and 

 excesses that made his reign, in the words of 

 one historian, "a tissue of follies." Though he 

 degraded the imperial dignity by fighting as a 

 gladiator in the arena, he considered himself a 

 god and caused sacrifices to be offered in 

 his own honor. At last a band of conspira- 

 tors caused him to be assassinated. 



CALISTHENICS, kaliss then'iks, from two 

 Greek words meaning beautiful and strength, 

 is the art or practice of exercising the body for 

 the purpose of keeping it in health, developing 

 good posture, giving strength to the muscles 

 and grace to the carriage. The term is usually 

 applied to the light systematic exercises that 

 may be performed without any apparatus, or 

 by the use of such light apparatus as Indian 

 clubs, dumb-bells and wands. Calisthenics is 

 simply another term for light gymnastics. 

 Physical culture, a broader term than either 

 calisthenics or gymnastics, includes the cultiva- 

 tion of the entire physical being, with atten- 

 tion to diet, bathing, mental relaxation, etc., 

 as well as bodily exercise. See GYMNASTICS; 

 PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



CALIXTUS, kalix'tus, the name of three 

 Popes. CALIXTUS I was born a slave, but rose 

 by the year 219 to be Bishop of Rome, as the 



