CALLA 



1072 



CALMS 



head of the Church was then called. He suf- 

 fered martyrdom in 224. 



CALIXTUS II, Guido of Vienne, Pope from 

 1119 to 1124, was a son of the Count of Bur- 

 gundy. In the 'second year of his reign he 

 expelled the antipope, Gregory VIII, from 

 Rome and two years later concluded with the 

 German emperor, Henry V, the famous Con- 

 cordat of Worms (see CONCORDAT). 



CALIXTUS III, Alonzo Borgia, was Pope from 

 1455 to 1458. Though aged and feeble, he tried 

 to institute a crusade against the Turks, but 

 failed. Rodrigo Borgia, father of the notorious 

 Caesar and Lucretia Borgia, who became Pope 

 as Alexander VI, was his nephew. 



CALLA, kal'a, a "flower which is not a 

 flower." Best known of the plants which bear 

 the name is the stately Ethiopian lily, or calla 

 lily, which came from the banks of the Nile 

 and is grown in America only in greenhouses. 

 Any observer 

 would say that it 

 has a most con- 

 spicuous, pure- 

 white flower, but 

 the white funnel 

 is really but an 

 outer leaf, or 

 spathe, while the 

 real flowers are 

 tiny unnoticeable 

 things crowded 

 on the club-shaped spadix in the center. 



Botanists say that not only is this plant not 

 a lily, but neither is it a calla, for the real 

 calla, or marsh-arum, is a much smaller plant 

 which grows in the bogs of North America and 

 of Europe. Its shining, arrow-shaped leaves and 

 its white spathe make it very ornamental, and 

 the shape if not the color of the latter pro- 

 claims it a near relative of Jack-in-the-pulpit. 

 In Lapland the root of this marsh-arum is 

 ground to make bread. See ARUM. 



CALLAO, kahlyah'o, the chief port of Peru, 

 the shipping point for Lima, the capital, which 

 is seven miles east. Its population in 1915 was 

 about 40,000. The site of the city is a flat, 

 rocky shelf, only eight feet above the sea 

 level. Sea breezes keep the temperature mod- 

 erate, but the city as a whole is not attractive 

 for residence by reason of its narrow, irregular 

 streets and its lack of good pavements and 

 modern sanitation and adornment. The harbor 

 is excellent. It is a port of entry for European 

 and Japanese steamship lines, and its maritime 

 importance is being greatly advanced by the 



CALLA 



Panama Canal, which brings it relatively near 

 to the North Atlantic ports. Callao is 1,340 

 miles from the city of Panama, and, by way of 

 the Panama Canal, is about 6,120 miles from 

 London, about 3,350 miles from New York 

 and about 2,760 miles from New Orleans. It 

 is 1,302 miles from Valparaiso, Chile, and about 

 3,800 miles from San Francisco. 



CALLIOPE, kali' ope, in Greek mythology, 

 one of the nine goddesses, called MUSES, who 

 presided over music, poetry and science (sec 

 MUSES). Calliope, whose name indicated the 

 sweetness of her voice, was the Muse of epic 

 poetry. In some myths she is loved by Apollo, 

 and their son is Orpheus, who charmed the 

 trees and rocks and even the fierce Cerberus 

 with his enchanting music. 



The same name has been given to a modern 

 musical instrument which produces tones by 

 means of a series of steam whistles. The name 

 of this instrument is commonly and incorrectly 

 pronounced with the accent on the first syllable, 

 as if there were but three syllables. The cal- 

 liope was at one time a feature of every old- 

 fashioned circus, and is still occasionally heard 

 on pleasure boats. It is one of the least pleas- 

 ing of the mechanical musical instruments, as 

 the tones it produces are loud and harsh. 



CALMS, kahmz, REGIONS OF. In the Atlan- 

 tic and Pacific oceans there are regions along 

 the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capri- 

 corn, where for days and sometimes weeks at a 

 time there is no wind. These regions are 

 known as the Calms of Cancer and the Calms 

 of Capricorn, respectively. The calms are 

 caused by the mingling of the currents of air 

 coming from the warm and the cool regions. 

 In the regions of calms these currents become 

 the same in temperature, and consequently 

 have an equal pressure. Each counteracts the 

 influence of the other so that there is no 

 current of air or wind. The regions of calms 

 move north and south with the sun, being 

 farther north in the summer in the northern 

 hemisphere and farther south in the winter. 

 On the ocean the sailors call these regions the 

 doldrums. 



Over the equator there is the region of Equa- 

 torial Calms. Here the air current is upward 

 and there is no horizontal current. This region 

 also moves north and south with the sun. 



In the days of sailing vessels the regions of 

 the calms were usually shunned by sailors, 

 since a ship might lie in them for several weeks 

 awaiting favoring winds. See HORSE LATITUDES ; 

 WIND. 





