CALVE 



1074 



CALVIN 



a solemn puff. Native tobacco, with which 

 willow bark or sumac leaves were mixed, was 

 smoked. In the East and Southeast the bowl 

 was made of white stone; in the West, of a 

 red clay obtained from the famous pipestone 

 quarry of Minnesota, mentioned in Longfel- 

 low's Hiawatha. The long stem, of wood or 

 reed, was decorated with feathers, porcupine 

 quills or women's hair. The name was given 

 this pipe by the French Canadians. 



CALVfi, kalva', EMMA,. (1866- ), the 

 stage name of EMMA DE ROQUER, a celebrated 

 dramatic soprano, born in France, whose inter- 

 pretation of the role of Carmen, in the opera 

 of that name, has won her undying fame. She 

 made her first appearance on the stage at Brus- 

 sels in 1882, singing the part of Marguerite in 

 Faust, and she afterwards sang in grand opera 

 in Paris, in England, Spain, Russia, the United 

 States and Canada. Between 1893 and 1904 

 she was one of the leading stars at the Metro- 

 politan Opera House in New York City, where 

 she was best liked in the role of Carmen and 

 in that of Santuzza in Cavalleria Rusticana. 

 Madame Calve has also appeared with dis- 

 tinction in Massenet's Sapho, Thomas's Hamlet 

 and Samara's Flora MirabUis. Since 1909 she 

 has devoted her time mainly to concert work. 

 At the height of her fame her rich soprano 

 voice had a range of two and one-half octaves, 

 and was even and clear throughout, but her 

 success was due in no small measure to her 

 extraordinary dramatic ability. 



CAL'VIN, JOHN (1509-1564). "The greatest 

 theologian and disciplinarian of the great race 

 of the reformers," and one of the foremost lead- 

 ers in the history of Christianity, was born at 

 Noyon in Picardy, France. His father was 

 secretary to the 

 bishop of Noyon, 

 and his mother 

 was a beautiful 

 and devout wo- 

 man. He r e - 

 ceived his early 

 education in 

 Paris with the 

 children of De 

 Montmpr of the 

 nobility. Later 

 he studied in the 

 universities of 

 Orleans, Bourges 

 and Paris, first 

 for the priesthood 

 and then for the law, early distinguishing him- 



JOHN CALVIN 



self by his industty and remarkable intellectual 

 power. He became dissatisfied with the teach- 

 ings of the Roman Catholic Church and in 

 1532 allied himself with the cause of the Refor- 

 mation (which see). Two years later, at 

 twenty-eight, he published Institutes oj the 

 Christian Religion, one of the most important 

 contributions to Christian literature of all time. 



In 1536 Calvin entered Geneva on his way 

 to Strassburg, expecting to remain only one 

 night. Here he was found and held by Wil- 

 liam Farel, whom he had known in Paris. 

 Farel was a celebrated evangelist, and under 

 his influence Calvin gave up his journey and 

 entered upon his life work; with the exception 

 of three years of banishment, he spent the 

 remainder of his life in Geneva. 



When Calvin entered Geneva the city was on 

 the verge of political and religious ruin. With 

 Farel's assistance he soon wrought remarkable 

 changes in the government and the people. A 

 Protestant confession of faith was adopted by 

 the city and made binding upon all citizens. 

 Immoral practices were abolished, and those 

 notoriously unworthy were excluded from the 

 holy communion. Calvin's arbitrary rule, how- 

 ever, aroused strong opposition and he was 

 expelled from the city. He then spent three 

 years in Strassburg, teaching theology and 

 writing. 



He was recalled to Geneva, where he per- 

 fected an organization with himself at the head, 

 which directed the religious and political affairs 

 of the city and controlled the social and indi- 

 vidual lives of the people. This rule was estab- 

 lished under difficulties and Calvin was in- 

 volved in numerous controversies. During this 

 time, through Calvin's orders, Michael Servetus, 

 who had written a book on the Trinity, was 

 burned at the stake. This blot upon the 

 career of the great reformer has never been 

 wiped out. 



During his supremacy in Geneva, Calvin 

 maintained correspondence with all the great 

 thinkers of Protestantism, and he was con- 

 sulted upon points of law and theology by 

 leaders throughout Europe. He also published 

 numerous works which have always been con- 

 sidered standard authority upon the subjects 

 they discussed. In 1561, the followers of Cal- 

 vin separated from the Lutherans, thus form- 

 ing the first great division in the Protestant 

 Church. Soon after this Calvin died. The 

 principles of his theology are embodied in the 

 creeds of the Presbyterian and reformed Protes- 

 tant churches. 



